The induced semigroup of Schwarz maps to the space of Hilbert-Schmidt operators (Q2310483)

This paper deals with a semigroup of Schwarz maps acting on a \(C^*\) algebra. A~Schwarz map is one satisfying the so-called Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and here the authors consider these maps defined on the algebra of all bounded operators defined on a Hilbert space endowed with a normal faithful state which is sub-invariant for the semigroup. The authors precisely define a Schwarz map (SM) on a given \(C^*\) algebra in the second section of the paper as a bounded linear operator \(T\) such that \(T(x)^*T(x)\leq T(x^*x)\) for all element \(x\) of the algebra. In Section 3, the authors explore the properties of a Schwarz map \(T\) defined on the algebra \(\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\) of all linear bounded operators defined on a Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}\). Given a faithful sub-invariant positive functional, there is a canonical bounded linear map from \(\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\) to the space of Hilbert-Schmidt operators \(\mathcal{S}_2(\mathcal{H})\). This canonical map is used to prove an important result: for each Schwarz map \(T\) and any sub-invariant faithful positive map, one can construct a corresponding contraction \(\widetilde{T}\) on \(\mathcal{S}_2(\mathcal{H})\). Semigroups of Schwarz maps appear in Section 4, where the authors formalize their continuity properties, the corresponding definition of a generator, and introduce, in addition, the notion of an extended generator. So, they have from one side, the Schwarz-map semigroup defined on \(\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\), and on the other side, the semigroup of contractions associated to the above on \(\mathcal{S}_2(\mathcal{H})\). In Theorem~2, the authors compare the generator, the extended generator, and the generator of the induced semigroup on \(\mathcal{S}_2(\mathcal{H})\). The final Section 5 concerns the application of the preceding results to Quantum Markov Semigroups (QMS) which are particular cases of SM. The authors start by establishing that a weak\(^*\)-semigroup of SM is completely positive on \(\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\) (that is, a QMS) if and only if the induced semigroup of contractions on the Banach space \(\mathcal{S}_2(\mathcal{H})\) is completely positive. So, their technique consists in obtaining properties for a given QMS on \(\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\), say \((T_t)_{t\geq 0}\), via the induced semigroup \((\widetilde{T}_t)_{t\geq 0}\) on \(\mathcal{S}_2(\mathcal{H})\). The most relevant result concerns the characterization of the generator of the QMS. It is well known that the form of this generator has been obtained first by \textit{V. Gorini} et al. [J. Math. Phys. 17, No. 5, 821--825 (1976; Zbl 1446.47009)] in finite dimensional spaces, and extended later by \textit{G. Lindblad} [Commun. Math. Phys. 48, 119--130 (1976; Zbl 0343.47031)] to infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, but for uniformly continuous QMS. Here, the authors get the characterization of the generator of the QMS under the hypothesis that the generator of \((\widetilde{T}_t)_{t\geq 0}\) on \(\mathcal{S}_2(\mathcal{H})\) has a compact resolvent. The article is very well written and the proofs of major results are well explained. Alas, it lacks examples. The reviewer would appreciate seeing examples of Schwarz-type applications that are not completely positive. This is an important aspect, knowing that one paradigm in force is that complete positivity is supposedly proper to physical system models.