Escaping orbits are rare in the quasi-periodic Littlewood boundedness problem (Q2316073)

The Littlewood boundedness problem originates from the study of Duffing-type equations with time-dependent forcing, and addresses the question of conditions that keep solutions of the system bounded in the phase space. For time-periodic forcing a wealth of works had been published. For the particular choice of the superlinear oscillator equation, it has been shown that for a quasiperiodic forcing all solutions are bounded, provided the frequencies satisfy a Diophantine condition [\textit{M. Levi} and \textit{E. Zehnder}, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 26, No. 5, 1233--1256 (1995; Zbl 0838.34040)]. In the present paper, the Diophantine restriction is not imposed and new tools are necessary to address the long time behavior of solutions. The relevant techniques come from [\textit{M. Kunze} and \textit{R. Ortega}, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 107, No. 1, 39--75 (2013; Zbl 1272.34043)]. The theorem about escaping sets due to Kunze and Ortega [loc. cit.] is the main tool used therein, with refinements borrowed from [\textit{M. Levi}, Commun. Math. Phys. 143, No. 1, 43--83 (1991; Zbl 0744.34043); \textit{G. R. Morris}, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 14, 71--93 (1976; Zbl 0324.34030)]. The main Theorem 6.1 of the paper characterizes the escaping set in terms of that of initial values. It is proved that both sets have Lebesgue measure zero provided the starting energy is sufficiently large.