Correspondence between trace ideals and birational extensions with application to the analysis of the Gorenstein property of rings (Q2318413)

Let \(R\) be a commutative ring and \(X\) an \(R\)-module. An \(R\)-submodule \(Y\) of \(X\) is called a trace module in \(X\) if there exists an \(R\)-module \(M\) such that \(Y\) is the image of the \(R\)-module homomorphism \(\operatorname{Hom}_R(M,X)\otimes_R M \to X\) that sends \(f\otimes m\) to \(f(m)\). The authors begin by extending to \(R\)-modules the study of regular trace ideals (i.e., trace submodules in \(R\) that contain a regular element) initiated in work of \textit{H. Lindo} and \textit{N. Pande} [``Trace ideals and the Gorenstein property'', Preprint, \url{ arXiv:1802.06491}]. If \(R\) is noetherian, it is proved that every \(R\)-submodule of \(X\) is a trace module in \(X\) if and only if there exists an embedding \(X \hookrightarrow \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{m} \in \operatorname{Max}(R)} \operatorname{E}_R(R/\mathfrak{m})\), where \(\operatorname{E}_R(R/\mathfrak{m})\) denotes the injective envelope of the residue field \(R/\mathfrak{m}\). The main focus of the paper is on the sets \(\mathcal{X}_R=\) the set of regular trace ideals in \(R\), \(\mathcal{Y}_R=\) the set of birational extensions \(R \subseteq A\) such that \(aA \subseteq R\) for some non-zerodivisor \(a\) of \(R\), \(\mathcal{Z}_R=\) the set of regular ideals \(I\) of \(R\) such that \(I^2=aI\) for some \(a \in I\), and the natural correspondences \[ \rho: \mathcal{X}_R \to \mathcal{Y}_R, \rho(I)=I:_{Q(R)}I, \] \[ \eta: \mathcal{Y}_R \to \mathcal{X}_R, \eta(A)=R:_{Q(A)}A, \] \[ \xi: \mathcal{Z}_R \to \mathcal{Y}_R, \xi(I)=I:_{Q(R)}I. \] It is proved that \(\xi\) is always surjective and the above maps establish a bijection between \(\mathcal{X}_R\) and \(\mathcal{Y}_R\) if \(R\) is a Gorenstein ring of dimension one. Moreover, the authors give a complete characterization of the one-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay rings for which the map \(\rho\) is bijective.