Orthonormality of wavelet system on the Heisenberg group (Q2334875)

Let \(T_u$, $u \in \mathbb R\), and \(D_a$, $a \in \mathbb R \setminus \{0\}\), be the translation and dilation operators defined on \(L^2(\mathbb R)\) by \[ T_uf(x) = f(x-u), \quad D_af(x) = |a|^{\frac{1}{2}} f(ax), \quad f \in L^2(\mathbb R).\] If \(\phi \in L^2 (\mathbb R),\) let \(\phi_{j, k} = D_{2^j}T_k \phi.\) The system \(\{\phi_{j, k}: j, k \in \mathbb Z\}\) is called a wavelet system. Two well-known results in the theory of wavelets provide necessary and sufficient conditions so that the system \(\{ \phi_{j, k}: j, k \in \mathbb Z\}\) is an orthonormal system and an orthonormal basis. The system \(\{ \phi_{j, k}: j, k \in \mathbb Z \}\) is an orthonormal system if and only if \(\sum_{k}| \widehat{\phi}(\xi +k)|^2 = 1\) for almost all \(\xi \in \mathbb R\) and \(\sum_{k} \widehat{\phi}(\xi + k) \overline{\widehat{\phi}(2^j(\xi+k))} = 0\) for almost all \(\xi \in \mathbb R,\) \(j \geq 1.\) If \(\phi \in L^2 (\mathbb R)\) is such that \(\| \phi\|_2 =1,\) the wavelet system \(\{ \phi_{j, k}: j, k \in \mathbb Z \}\) is an orthonormal basis for \(L^2(\mathbb R)\) if and only if \(\sum_{j \in \mathbb Z} | \widehat{\phi}(2^j\xi)|^2 = 1\) for almost all \(\xi \in \mathbb R\) and \(\sum_{j =0}^\infty~\widehat{\phi}(2^j \xi) \overline{\widehat{\phi}(2^j (\xi+q))} = 0,\) for almost all \(\xi \in \mathbb R,\) \( q \in 2\mathbb Z +1.\) The paper under review is concerned with similar results on the Heisenberg group. Let \(\mathbb H\) be the Heisenberg group whose underlying manifold is \(\mathbb R \times \mathbb R \times \mathbb R\) with the group law \[ (x, y, t) (u, v, s)= \left(x+u, y +v, t+s+\frac{1}{2}(y \cdot u - x \cdot v)\right). \] The infinite dimensional unitary irreducible representations of the Heisenberg group are given by \(\pi_\lambda$, $\lambda \in \mathbb R \setminus \{0\}\), which are realized on \(L^2(\mathbb R)\) by \[ \pi_\lambda(x, y, t) \phi(\xi) = e^{2\pi i \lambda t}e^{2\pi i \lambda (x \xi + \frac{1}{2}x y)} \phi(\xi + y),\quad \phi \in L^2(\mathbb R).\] For a suitable function \(f\) on \(\mathbb H,\) the group Fourier transform of \(f\) is defined by \[ \widehat{f}(\lambda) = \int_{\mathbb H}~f(g)~\pi_\lambda(g)~dg,\] where \(dg\) is the Haar measure (Lebesgue measure on \(\mathbb R^3\)) on \(\mathbb H.\) Let \(\mathcal{L}\) be the lattice in \(\mathbb H\) defined by \[\mathcal{L} = \{ (2k, l, m):~k, l, m \in \mathbb Z \}.\] Define the translation and dilation operators on \(L^2 (\mathbb H)\) as follows: \[L_{(2k, l, m)} \psi (x, y, t) = \psi ( (2k, l, m)^{-1} (x, y, t)), ~\delta_a \phi(x, y, t) = \psi (ax, ay, a^2t)\] where \(\psi \in L^2 (\mathbb H),\) \((2k, l, m) \in \mathcal{L}\) and \( a \in \mathbb R \setminus \{0\}.\) For \(\psi \in L^2(\mathbb H)\) and \((k, l) \in \mathbb Z^2\) define the function \(G^\psi_{k, l}\) as follows: \[G_{k, l}^\psi(\lambda) = \sum_{r \in \mathbb Z}~\langle \widehat{\psi}(\lambda + r), \widehat{L_{(2k, l, 0)}\psi}(\lambda + r) \rangle_{\mathcal{B}_2}|\lambda + r|, ~\lambda \in (0, 1]\] where \(\mathcal{B}_2\) is the Hilbert space of Hilbert-Schmidt operators on \(L^2(\mathbb R).\) For \( j, k, l \in \mathbb Z\) define \(H_{j, k, l}^\psi\) by \[H_{j, k, l}^\psi(\lambda) = \sum_{r \in \mathbb Z}~\langle \widehat{\psi}(2^{2j}(\lambda + r)), \widehat{(\delta_{2^j}L_{(2k, l, 0)}\psi)}(2^{2j}(\lambda + r)) \rangle_{\mathcal{B}_2} |2^{2j}(\lambda + r)|,\] for \(\lambda \in (0, 1].\) The wavelet system \(\{ \delta_{2^j}L_{(2k, l, m)} \psi: k, l, m \in \mathbb Z \}\) is orthonormal in \(L^2 (\mathbb H)\) if and only if the following conditions hold: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] \(G_{0, 0}^\psi (\lambda) = 1, \ a.e. ~\lambda \in (0, 1]\); \item[2.] \(G_{k, l}^\psi (\lambda) = 0, \ a.e. ~\lambda \in (0, 1],~\forall (k, l) \neq (0, 0)\); \item[3.] \(H_{j, k, l}^\psi(\lambda) = 0, \ a.e. ~\lambda \in (0, 1],~\forall j > 0,\ k, l \in \mathbb Z\). \end{itemize} A sufficient condition for an \textit{orthonormal} system \(\{\delta_{2^j}L_{(0, 0, m)} \psi: m, j \in \mathbb Z\}\) in \(L^2 (\mathbb H)\) to be complete is proved and is as follows: \[ \sum_{j \in \mathbb Z} \left \| \widehat{\psi}( \left ( \frac{\lambda}{2^{2j}} \right ) \right \|^2_{\mathcal{B}_2} \left | \frac{\lambda}{2^{2j}} \right |= 1 ~a. e. \ \lambda \in \mathbb R \setminus \{0\}.\] Examples are discussed which illustrate the usefulness of the results.