Characterizations of smooth spaces by approximate orthogonalities (Q2354663)

This paper provides a complete characterization of smooth normed linear spaces based on norm derivatives. The author first reviews several orthogonality relations in a real normed space, namely, the Birkhoff-James orthogonality (\(x\perp_B y \,\,\Leftrightarrow \forall \lambda \in \mathbb{R}, \,\,\|x\|\leq \|x+\lambda y\|\)), an approximate Birkhoff orthogonality due to Chmieliński (\(x\perp_B^{\epsilon} y \,\,\Leftrightarrow \forall \lambda \in \mathbb{R}, \,\,\|x\|^2\leq \|x+\lambda y\|^2+2\epsilon \|x\|\cdot \|\lambda y\|\)), semi-orthogonality relative to a fixed semi-inner product \([\cdot \, |\cdot ]\) (\(x\perp_s y \,\,\Leftrightarrow [y|x]=0\)) and the \(\epsilon\)-s-orthogonality (\(x\perp_s^{\epsilon} y \,\,\Leftrightarrow \forall \,\, |[y|x]|\leq \epsilon \|x\|\cdot \|y\|\)). Given a real normed space \(X\), the norm derivatives are mappings \(\rho_{\pm}: X\times X\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) defined as follows: \[ \rho'_{\pm} (x,y) =\lim_{t\rightarrow 0^{\pm}} \frac{\|x+ty\|^2 -\|x\|^2}{2t}. \] For a fixed semi-inner product \([\cdot \, |\cdot ]\), we have that \(\rho'_{-} (x,y)\leq [y \, |x ]\leq \rho'_{+} (x,y)\) for all \(x,y\in X\). Then the author introduces the \(\epsilon\)-\(\rho_{\pm}\) and \(\epsilon\)-\(\rho\)-orthogonality: \[ x\perp_{\rho_{+}}^{\epsilon} y \,\,\Leftrightarrow |\rho'_{+} (x,y)|\leq \epsilon \|x\|\cdot \|y\|, \] \[ x\perp_{\rho_{-}}^{\epsilon} y \,\,\Leftrightarrow |\rho'_{-} (x,y)|\leq \epsilon \|x\|\cdot \|y\|, \] \[ x\perp_{\rho}^{\epsilon} y \,\,\Leftrightarrow |\rho' (x,y)|\leq \epsilon \|x\|\cdot \|y\|. \] It is known that \(X\) is smooth if and only if \(\rho'_{+}(x,y)=\rho'_{-}(x,y)=[\cdot \, |\cdot ]\) for all \(x,y \in X\). The main result in the paper reads as follows: {Theorem. } Let \(X\) be a real normed space and let \([\cdot \, |\cdot ]\) be a semi-inner product in \(X\). Then the following conditions are equivalent. {(i)} \(\perp^{\epsilon}_{\rho_{+}} \subset \perp^{\epsilon}_{s}\); {(ii)} \(\perp^{\epsilon}_{\rho_{+}} \supset \perp^{\epsilon}_{s}\); {(iii)} \(\perp^{\epsilon}_{\rho_{+}} = \perp^{\epsilon}_{s}\); {(iv)} \(\perp^{\epsilon}_{\rho_{-}} \subset \perp^{\epsilon}_{s}\); {(v)} \(\perp^{\epsilon}_{\rho_{-}} \supset \perp^{\epsilon}_{s}\); {(vi)} \(\perp^{\epsilon}_{\rho_{-}} =\perp^{\epsilon}_{s}\); and (vii) \(X\) is smooth.