Typical real ranks of binary forms (Q2355334)

It is classically known that a polynomial form of degree \(d\) in \(2\) variables (or, equivalently, a symmetric tensor of type \(2\times 2\times\cdots\times 2\), \(d\) times) has (Waring) rank at most \(d\), while the rank of a generic form, over the complex field, is \(\lfloor (d+2)/2 \rfloor\). The author proves that for any value in the range \(\lfloor (d+2)/2 \rfloor\leq m\leq d\), there exists an open subset, in the natural topology of the space of \textit{real} forms in \(2\) variables, filled by elements of rank \(m\). In the terminology of tensors, this means that every value between \(\lfloor (d+2)/2 \rfloor\) and \(d\) is a typical rank for binary forms. The proof is achieved by an analysis of the apolar ideals of binary forms.