A semigroup approach to the numerical range of operators on Banach spaces (Q2361719)

Let \(X\) be a complex Banach space and \(A\) a closed and densely defined linear operator on \(X\) with domain \(D(A)\). The authors introduce the numerical resolvent set \(\rho_n(A)\) as a union of certain half-planes in \(\mathbb{C}\) and the numerical spectrum \(\sigma_n(A):=\mathbb{C}\setminus \rho_n(A)\). It is proved, for instance, that \(\sigma_n(A)\) is always a closed and convex set which contains the spectrum \(\sigma(A)\). Moreover, \(\sigma_n(A)=\sigma_r(A)\cup \overline{\text{co}}(W(A))\), where \(\sigma_r(A)\) is the residual spectrum of \(A\) and \(\overline{\text{co}}(W(A))\) is the closed convex hull of the numerical range \(W(A)\). The latter is defined as \[ W(A):=\{x^*(Ax):x\in D(A),\,x^*\in X^*,\,x^*(x)=1=\|x\|=\|x^*\|\}. \] The theory is closely connected to the theory of \(C_0\)-semigroups and the authors present some applications, for example, they generalise a result of \textit{C. S. Kubrusly} and \textit{N. Levan} [Semigroup Forum 83, No. 3, 513--521 (2011; Zbl 1241.47040)] from the Hilbert space case to the case of Banach spaces.