On general theory of radicals (Q2366145)

The basic concepts and results of the theory of radicals of associative rings can be easily extended to universal classes in which suitable isomorphism theorems hold. A general theory of this sort is developed in the first section of the paper. The second section concerns universal classes satisfying an additional axiom modeled on a property of ideals of associative rings. It is proved then that, like in the case of associative rings, the semisimple classes are hereditary, they can be characterized as regular classes closed under extensions and subdirect sums, and Kurosh's construction of the lower radical terminates at \(\omega_ 0\). Possibilities of applications of the theory are illustrated on three samples.