A criterion for multivalent functions (Q2366790)

Let \(f(z)=z^ p+\sum^ \infty_{n=p+1} a_ n z^ n\) be analytic in the unit disc. A classical result for \(p=1\) is that \(\text{Re }f'(z)>0\) implies that \(f\) is univalent in the disc. Ozaki proved that for general \(p\), \(\text{Re }e^{i\alpha} f^{(p)}(z)>0\) implies that \(f\) is at most \(p\)-valent. This result was improved to show that \(\text{Re }f(z)>-Cp\)! also implied that \(f\) was at most \(p\)-valent, with \(C=\log(4/e)/2\log(e/2)\) for \(p\geq 2\) [Nunokawa], and, if \(p\geq 3\), \(C=[1-4\log(4/e)\log(e/2)]/4\log(4/e) \log(e/2)\) [Nunokawa and Hoshino]. This paper improves these results, by, essentially, obtaining an explicitly defined \(C_ p\) for each \(p\). The values for \(p=2\) and 3 match those mentioned above.