A central limit theorem in many-body quantum dynamics (Q2375932)

The authors study the many body quantum evolution of bosonic systems in the mean field limit. The dynamics is known to be well approximated by the Hartree equation. The avaliable results have the form of a law of large numbers. The authors go one step further and show that the fluctuations around the Hartree evolution satisfy a central limit theorem. They show the variance of the limiting Gaussian distribution is determined by a time-dependent Bogoliubov transformation describing the dynamics of initial coherent states in a Fock space representation of the system. The main result is stated as follows {Theorem: } Suppose \(V\) is a measurable function such that \(V^2(x) \leq D(1-\varDelta)\), for some \(D>0\). For \(\varphi\in H^2(\mathbb{R}^3)\) with \(\parallel\varphi\parallel =1\), let \(\psi_N=\varphi^{\otimes N}\) and \(\psi_{N,t}=e^{-iH_{N}t}\psi_N.\) Let \(O\) be a bounded self adjoint operator on \(L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)\) with \(\parallel\triangledown O(1-\varDelta)^{-1/2}\parallel<\infty\). For arbitrary fixed \(t\in \mathbb{R}\), let \[ \mathcal{O}_t : =\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum^{N}_{j=1}(O^{(j)}-\mathbb{E}_{\varphi_t}O)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum^{N}_{j=1}(O^{(j)}-\langle\varphi_t,O\varphi_t\rangle), \] where \(O^{(j)}=1^{(j-1)}\otimes O \otimes 1^{(N-j)}\) denotes the operator \(O\) acting on the \(j^{th}\) particle. Then, as \(N\rightarrow\infty,\) the random variable \(\mathcal{O}_t\)(whose law is determined by the \(N\)-particle wave function \(\varphi_{N,t})\) converges in distribution to a centered Gaussian random variable with variance \[ \begin{multlined} \sigma^{2}_{t} =\frac{1}{2}[\langle\Theta(t;0)(O\varphi_t, JO\varphi_t),\Theta(t;0)(O\varphi_t,JO\varphi_t)\rangle-| \langle \Theta(t;0)(O\varphi_t,JO\varphi_t),\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\varphi,\bar{\varphi})\rangle|^2] \\ =\parallel U(t;0)O\varphi_t+JV(t;0)O\varphi_t\parallel^2-|\langle \varphi, U(t;0)O\varphi_t+JV(t;0)O\varphi_t \rangle|^2\geq0, \end{multlined} \] where \(U(t;0), V(t;0):L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^3)\rightarrow L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)\) are bounded linear operators which satisfy \[ U^*(t;s)U(t;s)-V^*(t;s)V(t;s)=1 \] and \[ U^*(t;s)JV(t;s)J=V^*(t;s)JU(t;s)J, \] and \(\Theta(t;0):L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)\otimes L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)\rightarrow L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)\otimes L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)\) is a bosonic Bogoliubov transformation.