Counterexamples to Kodaira's vanishing and Yau's inequality in positive characteristics (Q2376825)

Consider a smooth complete variety \(X\) and effective divisor \(D\). One has the Frobenius map \[ F^* : H^1(X, \mathcal{O}_X(-D)) \to H^1(X, \mathcal{O}_X(-pD)). \] The kernel of this map was studied by Tango in the case of curves [\textit{H. Tango}, Nagoya Math. J. 48, 73--89 (1972; Zbl 0239.14007)]. In particular, the kernel can be non-zero even for effective \(D\). Such constructions helped lead to Raynaud's positive characteristic counter examples to Kodaira vanishing [\textit{M. Raynaud}, in: C.P. Ramanujam. -- A tribute. Collect. Publ. of C.P. Ramanujam and Pap. in his Mem., Tata Inst. fundam. Res., Stud. Math. 8, 273--278 (1978; Zbl 0441.14006)]. The first theorem of this paper generalizes some of Tango's work to higher dimensional varieties. For example, it is shown in this paper that the kernel of \(F^*\) is equal to \[ \{ df \in \Omega_{K(X)}\;|\;f \in K(X), (df) \geq pD \} \] where \((df) \geq pD\) means that \(df \in \Gamma(X, \Omega_X(-pD))\). Using this result and methods similar to Raynaud's, the author constructs smooth projective varieties \(X\) of every dimension and in every characteristic, with ample line bundles \(L\), where: (1) \(H^1(X, L^{-1}) \neq 0\) (failure of Kodaira's vanishing theorem), (2) \(K_X\) is ample and \((c_i(X) \cdot K_X^{n-i}) < 0\) for every \(i \geq 2\), (3) there is a finite cover \(G\) of \(X\) and a sequence of morphisms \(G = G_n \to \dots \to G_1\) where each map is a \(\mathbb{P}^1\)-bundle and \(G_1\) is a nonsingular curve. In the positive direction however, the author shows that \(H^1(X, L^{-1}) = 0\) for big and nef line bundles \(L\) (Ramanujam Vanishing) at least in the case of surfaces not of general type (with some additional hypotheses if \(p = 2, 3\)). Furthermore, if Ramanujam vanishing does not hold, the author constructs a birational map \(X' \to X\) and a morphism \(X' \to C\) to a smooth curve such that every fiber is connected and singular.