Dimensions of attractors in pinched skew products (Q2376966)

Grebogi and coworkers introduced (a slight variation of) the system \(F_\kappa : \mathbb{T}^1 \times [0, 1] \to \mathbb{T}^1 \times [0, 1]\) by \(F_\kappa (\theta, x) = (\theta + \rho \;\text{mod} \;1, \tanh (\kappa x) \cdot \sin (\pi \theta))\), where \(\rho \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Q}\) and real parameter \(\kappa > 0\), as a simple model for the existence of strange non-chaotic attractors (SNA). The object is the upper bounding graph \(\varphi^+\) of the global attractor \(\mathcal{A} := \bigcap_{n \in \mathbb{N}} F_\kappa^n (\mathbb{T}^1 \times [0, 1])\), which is given by \(\varphi^+(\theta) := \sup \{ x \in [0, 1] \;| \;(\theta, x) \in \mathcal{A} \}\). One can verify that the function \(\varphi^+\) satisfies \(F_{\kappa, \theta} (\varphi^+(\theta)) = \varphi^+(\theta + \rho \;\text{mod} \;1)\), so that the corresponding point set \(\Phi^+ := \{ (\theta, \varphi^+(\theta)) \;| \;\theta \in \mathbb{T}^1 \}\) is \(F_\kappa\)-invariant. It is known that for \(\kappa > 2\), the graph \(\varphi^+\) is \(\text{Leb}_{\mathbb{T}^1}\)-almost surely strictly positive, its Lyapunov exponent \(\lambda(\varphi^+)\) is strictly negative and \(\varphi^+\) attracts \(\text{Leb}_{\mathbb{T}^1 \times [0,1]}\)-a.e. initial condition. For a long time, even basic questions for SNA are still open nowadays. In particular, the dimensions and fractal properties of \(\Phi^+\) are still mostly unknown. It has shown by the second author that for sufficiently large \(\kappa\), the box dimension of \(\Phi^+\) is two by showing that the topological closure of \(\Phi^+\) is equal to the global attractor \(\mathcal{A}= \{ (\theta, x) \;| \;0 \leq x \leq \varphi^+(\theta) \}\), and therefore has positive two dimensional Lebesgue measure. In this paper, the authors determine further dimensions of \(\varphi^+\) and the associated invariant measure \(\mu_{\varphi^+}\), which is obtained by projecting the Lebesgue measure on the base \(\mathbb{T}^1\) onto \(\Phi^+\). Let \(D_H\) be the Hausdorff dimension, and suppose \(\rho\) is Diophantine and \(\kappa\) is sufficiently large. Then it is proved that \(DH(\Phi^+) = 1\) and furthermore, the one-dimensional Hausdorff measure of \(\Phi^+\) is infinite.