Dimensions of attractors in pinched skew products

Abstract: We study dimensions of strange non-chaotic attractors and their associated physical measures in so-called pinched skew products, introduced by Grebogi and his coworkers in 1984. Our main results are that the Hausdorff dimension, the pointwise dimension and the information dimension are all equal to one, although the box-counting dimension is known to be two. The assertion concerning the pointwise dimension is deduced from the stronger result that the physical measure is rectifiable. Our findings confirm a conjecture by Ding, Grebogi and Ott from 1989.

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Grebogi and coworkers introduced (a slight variation of) the system \(F_\kappa : \mathbb{T}^1 \times [0, 1] \to \mathbb{T}^1 \times [0, 1]\) by \(F_\kappa (\theta, x) = (\theta + \rho \;\text{mod} \;1, \tanh (\kappa x) \cdot \sin (\pi \theta))\), where \(\rho \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Q}\) and real parameter \(\kappa > 0\), as a simple model for the existence of strange non-chaotic attractors (SNA). The object is the upper bounding graph \(\varphi^+\) of the global attractor \(\mathcal{A} := \bigcap_{n \in \mathbb{N}} F_\kappa^n (\mathbb{T}^1 \times [0, 1])\), which is given by \(\varphi^+(\theta) := \sup \{ x \in [0, 1] \;| \;(\theta, x) \in \mathcal{A} \}\). One can verify that the function \(\varphi^+\) satisfies \(F_{\kappa, \theta} (\varphi^+(\theta)) = \varphi^+(\theta + \rho \;\text{mod} \;1)\), so that the corresponding point set \(\Phi^+ := \{ (\theta, \varphi^+(\theta)) \;| \;\theta \in \mathbb{T}^1 \}\) is \(F_\kappa\)-invariant. It is known that for \(\kappa > 2\), the graph \(\varphi^+\) is \(\text{Leb}_{\mathbb{T}^1}\)-almost surely strictly positive, its Lyapunov exponent \(\lambda(\varphi^+)\) is strictly negative and \(\varphi^+\) attracts \(\text{Leb}_{\mathbb{T}^1 \times [0,1]}\)-a.e. initial condition. For a long time, even basic questions for SNA are still open nowadays. In particular, the dimensions and fractal properties of \(\Phi^+\) are still mostly unknown. It has shown by the second author that for sufficiently large \(\kappa\), the box dimension of \(\Phi^+\) is two by showing that the topological closure of \(\Phi^+\) is equal to the global attractor \(\mathcal{A}= \{ (\theta, x) \;| \;0 \leq x \leq \varphi^+(\theta) \}\), and therefore has positive two dimensional Lebesgue measure. In this paper, the authors determine further dimensions of \(\varphi^+\) and the associated invariant measure \(\mu_{\varphi^+}\), which is obtained by projecting the Lebesgue measure on the base \(\mathbb{T}^1\) onto \(\Phi^+\). Let \(D_H\) be the Hausdorff dimension, and suppose \(\rho\) is Diophantine and \(\kappa\) is sufficiently large. Then it is proved that \(DH(\Phi^+) = 1\) and furthermore, the one-dimensional Hausdorff measure of \(\Phi^+\) is infinite.

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