Implicit function theorem over free groups. (Q2386057)

Let \(G\) be a group. A standard quadratic equation \(s=1\) over \(G\) is of one of the following forms: \(\prod_{i=1}^n[x_i,y_i]=1\), \(n>0\); \(\prod_{i=1}^n[x_i,y_i]\prod_{i=1}^mz_i^{-1}c_iz_id=1\), \(n,m\geq 0\), \(n+m\geq 1\); \(\prod_{i=1}^nx_i^2=1\), \(n>0\); \(\prod_{i=1}^nx_i^2\prod_{i=1}^mz_i^{-1}c_iz_id=1\), \(n,m\geq 0\), \(n+m\geq 1\). The set of all solutions in \(G\) of the system of equations \(S=1\) is denoted as \(V_G(S)\). The authors define a wide class of regular standard quadratic equations and of regular NTQ systems of equations over a free group. The basic simplest form of the implicit function theorem over free groups is the following Theorem 3. Let \(S(X)=1\) be a regular standard quadratic equation over a non-Abelian free group \(F\) and let \(T(X,Y)=1\) be an equation over \(F\), \(|X|=m\), \(|Y|=n\). Suppose that for any solution \(U\in V_F(S)\) there exists a tuple of elements \(W\in F^n\) such that \(T(U,W)=1\). Then there exists a tuple of words \(P=P(X)=(p_1(X),\dots,p_n(X))\), with constants from \(F\), such that \(T(U,P(U))=1\) for any \(U\in V_F(S)\). Moreover, one can find a tuple \(P\) as above effectively. The paper contains some other, more complicated, implicit function theorems for regular quadratic equations and regular NTQ systems over a free non-Abelian group. The language of algebraic varieties over groups (coordinate groups, Zariski topology and so on) is used. It is shown that the implicit function theorems are true only for varieties as above. From the algebraic geometrical point of view such results can be understood as lifting solutions of equations into generic points. If one uses the model theoretic view-point one can see the existence of very simple Skolem functions for particular \(\forall\exists\)-formulas over free groups. A new version of the Makanin-Razborov process for solving equations in free groups is presented, too. In general, the results obtained in the paper under review are key results in the solution of the famous Tarski problems about the elementary theory of a free group.