Weighted Bergman spaces: shift-invariant subspaces and input/state/output linear systems (Q2391793)

The study starts from the fact that, in the classical case, the subspaces of a Hardy space which are invariant under the backward shift can be found as the image of the observability operator \({\mathcal O}_{C,A}=C(I-zA)^{-1}\) associated with a discrete-time linear system given by \( \begin{bmatrix} A & B\\ C & D\end{bmatrix}\) with stable state-dynamics, while a forward shift-invariant subspace \(\mathcal M\) has a representation in terms of an inner funcion \(\Theta\) as \({\mathcal M}=\Theta H^2\). Four distinct approaches for the Beurling-Lax theorem in the vector-valued case are presented. In all four approaches, one arrives at a realization formula for an inner function \(\Theta\) which is the transfer function of the system given by the unitary matrix \( \begin{bmatrix} A & B\\ C & D\end{bmatrix}\). In this paper, it is shown that the four presented approaches to Beurling-Lax representations lead to four distinct kinds of theories for the Bergman-space setting. To do this, the authors make a large and attractive study, beginning with power-series representations for generalized geometric series and motivations from systems theory. Then observability operators and Gramians are generalized for an \(n\)-output-stable pair \((C,A)\), and the case of \(n\)-hypercontractions is analysed. Standard stability notions are extended to the Bergman-space setting and the reproducing-kernel structure on ranges of observability operators is identified. All the constructed techniques and metric properties lead to obtaining the four mentioned approaches for Bergman-Lax representation theorems in the Bergman-space setting. The connections of a Bergman-inner family and the associated realization formulas with the theory of time-varying linear systems is explicated in the last section of the paper. As they have accustomed us in their previously published papers, the authors present this study in an attractive form, providing a starting point and inspiration for researchers interested in this exciting domain.