Conditions for Beurling numbers to have a density (Q2397953)

Let \(\pi\) and \(N\) denote the generalized prime and generalized integer counting functions of a Beurling generalized number system [\textit{A. Beurling}, Acta Math. 68, 255--291 (1937; Zbl 0017.29604); \textit{H. G. Diamond} and \textit{W.-B. Zhang}, Beurling generalized numbers. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2016; Zbl 1378.11002)]. \textit{H. G. Diamond} proved in 1977 the following important \(L^1\) criterion for generalized integers to have a positive asymptotic density [J. Reine Angew. Math. 295, 22--39 (1977; Zbl 0355.10038)]. Theorem. Suppose that \[ \int_{2}^{\infty}\left|\pi(x)-\frac{x}{\log x}\right|\:\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^{2}}<\infty.\tag{1} \] Then, there is \(a>0\) such that \[ N(x)\sim ax.\tag{2} \] The author provides a new proof of Diamond's theorem using Fourier transform methods. The implication (2) implies (1) does not hold in general, but the author shows that in the case of a class of number systems for which (2) holds and that is stable under two certain types of perturbations, Diamond's condition (1) must necessarily be satisfied. Another proof yet and some generalizations of Diamond's theorem also appear in [\textit{G. Debruyne} and \textit{J. Vindas}, Mich. Math. J. 68, No. 1, 211--223 (2019; Zbl 1465.11195)].