Two-dimensional homogeneous cubic systems: classification and normal forms. I (Q2404766)

The paper deals with real two-dimensional nondegenerate homogeneous cubic systems of ordinary differential equations \[ \dot{x}=P(x) \tag{1} \] where \(x=(x_1, x_2)\), \(P=(P_1(x), P_2(x))\), \(P_i=a_ix_1^3+b_ix_1^2x_2+c_ix_1x_2^2+d_ix_2^3\), \(P_1, P_2 \not\equiv 0\). The author assumes that the real nonsingular linear substitution \(x=Ly\), \(y=(y_1, y_2)\) with \(\det{L} \neq 0\), transforms system (1) into the system \[ \dot{y}=\tilde{P}(y), \;\;\;\tilde{P_i}=\tilde{a_i}y_1^3+\tilde{b_i}y_1^2y_2+\tilde{c_i}y_1y_2^2+\tilde{d_i}y_2^3, \;\;i=1,2.\tag{2} \] This manuscript is the first in a series of papers devoted to this kind of systems in which the main problems that the author analyzes and solves are the following:{\parindent=0.7cm\begin{itemize}\item[(a)] Classify the set of systems (1) by partitioning the vector polynomials \(P(x)\) into classes of linear equivalence. \item[(b)] For each class, develop structural and normalization principles that enable one to perfectly order the polynomials \(\tilde{P}\) obtained as a result of substitution (2). \item[(c)] Based on the selected principles, highlight in each class a generator which is the simplest polynomial \(\tilde{P}\), called the canonical form. \end{itemize}} In this paper, the following tasks are carried out: {\parindent=0.7cm\begin{itemize}\item[(1)] The general problem is set, close problems are formulated, and the available results are presented. \item[(2)] A bonding system is derived that is capable of determining the equivalence of any two perturbed systems with the same homogeneous cubic part, the generalized normal form is defined, and the method of resonant equations is given allowing one to constructively obtain all its structures. \item[(3)] Special forms of recording homogeneous cubic systems in the presence of a common homogeneous factor in their right-hand parts with a degree of 1--3 are introduced, and the linear equivalence of these systems, as well as of systems without a common factor is studied, and key linear invariants are offered. \end{itemize}}