Polynomials orthogonal in the Sobolev sense, generated by Chebyshev polynomials orthogonal on a mesh (Q2404917)

The authors continue research on so called mixed series in the context of Sobolev orthogonal polynomials (cf. results by the first author, discussed in [Math. Notes 101, No. 4, 718--734 (2017; Zbl 1372.42024); translation from Mat. Zametki 101, No. 4, 611--629 (2017)] and [Sib. Math. J. 58, No. 2, 338--362 (2017; Zbl 1371.33023); translation from Sib. Mat. Zh. 58, No. 2, 440--467 (2017)]). In this paper the inner product has the form \[ \langle f,g\rangle=\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}\,\Delta^{k}f(0)\Delta^{k}g(0)+\sum_{j=0}^{N-1}\,\Delta_{r}f(j)\Delta^{r}g(j)\mu(j),\tag{\(\ast\)} \] where the functions \(f\) and \(g\) are given on the set \(\Omega_{N+r}=\{0,1,\ldots,N+r-1\},\,\mu=\mu(j)\) is the discrete weight function given on the set \(\Omega_{N}=\{0,1,\ldots,N-1\}\). When \(r=0\), the first part in the fomula above is omitted. The paper then defines functions using a two stage process: start with a given system \(\{\psi_k(x)\}\;(0\leq k\leq N-1)\) which is orthonormal on \(\Omega_N\) with respect to a weight \(\mu(x)\). Then define \[ \psi_{r,k}(x)={x^{[k]}\over k!}\;(0\leq k\leq r-1), \] \[ \psi_{r,k}(x)=0\text{ for }x=0,1,\ldots,r-1, \] and \[ \psi_{r,k}(x)= {1\over (r-1)!}\,\sum_{t=0}^{x-r}\,(x-1-t)^{[r-1]}\psi_{k-r}(t)\text{ for }r\leq x\leq N+r-1, \] on the mesh \(\Omega_{N+r-1}\) (in the paper the index \(N\) is used for \(\Omega\), which is clearly a typographical error). The main result then is Theorem 1. Assume that the \(\psi_k(x)\) form a complete orthonormal system with weight \(\mu(x)\) in \(l^N_{\mu}\), then the system \(\{\psi_{k,r}(x)\}_{k=0}^{N+r-1}\) is complete in \(l^{N+r}_{\mu}\) and orthonormal with respect to the scalar product \((\ast)\). (\(l^{N+r}_{\mu}\) is the space of discrete functions \(f=f(x)\) given on the mesh \(\Omega_{N+r}\) with scalar product \((\ast)\)) Starting with Chebyshev polynomials on a uniform mesh, suitably normalized, as the set \(\psi_k(x)\), the authors then arrive at polynomials denoted by \(\tau_{r,k}^{\alpha,\beta}(x,N)\;(0\leq k\leq N+r-1)\) (here \(\alpha,\beta>-1\)). These are given in explicit form and two special cases are further studied: the case \(\alpha=\beta=0\) and the case that \(\alpha\) is rational, \(\beta=0\).