Stability of d'Alembert's functional equation with perturbations of all variables (Q2410834)

Let \(G\) be a commutative group and let \(\phi: G \times G \to \mathbb{R}^+\) be a function for which there exist positive constants \(c_1, c_2\) and \(c_3\) such that \[ \phi(x + y, z) \leq c_1 \left(\phi(x,z) + \phi(y,z)\right), \] \[ \phi(x, y + z) \leq c_2 \left(\phi(x,y) + \phi(x,z)\right) \] and \[ \phi(x, y) \leq c_3 \left(\phi(x,x) + \phi(y,y)\right) \] for all \(x, y, z \in G\). It follows from (a) and (b) that \[ \sup_{x \in G^*} \frac{\phi(2x, 2x)}{\phi(x,x)} < \infty, \] where \(G^* := \{x \in G: \phi(x,x) \neq 0 \}\). We denote \[ \lambda := \max\{1, \sup_{x \in G^*}[{\phi(2x, 2x)}{\phi(x,x)}^{-1}] \}. \] The main result is the following. Theorem 1.3. Assume that \(f: G \to \mathbb{C}\) satisfies \[ |f(x + y) + f(x - y) - 2f(x)f(y)| \leq \phi(x,y), \;x,y \in G. \] Then either \(f\) satisfies \[ |f(x)| \leq \frac{1}{4}\left(\sqrt{\lambda} + \sqrt{\lambda + 8|f(0)| + 8\phi(x,x)}\right) \] for all \(x \in G\), or there exists an unbounded exponential function \(m: G \to \mathbb{C}\) such that \[ f(x) = \frac{1}{2}\left(m(x) + m(-x)\right) \] for all \(x \in G\).