Observable set, observability, interpolation inequality and spectral inequality for the heat equation in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) (Q2416985)

This paper concerns the heat equation \[\partial_tu-\Delta u =0 \ \ \text{in} \ (0 ,+\infty)\times \mathbb{R}^n, \quad u(0,\cdot)\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^n).\] The main result of the paper states that a measurable set being \(\gamma\)-thick is equivalent to that the measurable set satisfies the observability inequality/the Hölder-type interpolation inequality/the spectral inequality for the heat equation above. As mentioned on page 151 of the paper, some part of this main result are new and some part was announced and proved in [\textit{O. Kovrijkine}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 129, No. 10, 3037--3047 (2001; Zbl 0976.42004)] and [Arch. Math. 111, No. 1, 85--99 (2018; Zbl 1394.35526)] where \textit{M. Egidi} and \textit{I. Veselić} first introduced the concept of \((\gamma,a)\)-thick set and then showed that the \((\gamma,a)\)-thickness of the control set \(\omega\) is a characterization of the heat equation above having null controllability in any positive time, which implies the equivalence between a measurable set being \(\gamma\)-thick and the measurable set satisfying the observability inequality.