Observable set, observability, interpolation inequality and spectral inequality for the heat equation in R^n

DOI10.1016/J.MATPUR.2019.04.009MaRDI QIDQ2416985zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Ming Wang, Can Zhang, Yubiao Zhang, Gengsheng Wang

Publication date 27 May 2019

Published in Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04279

zbMATH Keywords

characteristic of observable setsHölder-type interpolation inequalityobservability inequalityspectral inequality

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Heat equation (35K05) Initial-boundary value problems for second-order parabolic equations (35K20) Controllability (93B05) Observability (93B07)

Abstract: This paper studies connections among observable sets, the observability inequality, the H"{o}lder-type interpolation inequality and the spectral inequality for the heat equation in $mathbb{R}^n$. We present a characteristic of observable sets for the heat equation. In more detail, we show that a measurable set in $mathbb{R}^n$ satisfies the observability inequality if and only if it is $gamma$-thick at scale $L$ for some $gamma>0$ and $L>0$.We also build up the equivalence among the above-mentioned three inequalities. More precisely, we obtain that if a measurable set $Esubsetmathbb{R}^n$ satisfies one of these inequalities, then it satisfies others. Finally, we get some weak observability inequalities and weak interpolation inequalities where observations are made over a ball.

Review text

This paper concerns the heat equation \[\partial_tu-\Delta u =0 \ \ \text{in} \ (0 ,+\infty)\times \mathbb{R}^n, \quad u(0,\cdot)\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^n).\] The main result of the paper states that a measurable set being \(\gamma\)-thick is equivalent to that the measurable set satisfies the observability inequality/the Hölder-type interpolation inequality/the spectral inequality for the heat equation above. As mentioned on page 151 of the paper, some part of this main result are new and some part was announced and proved in [\textit{O. Kovrijkine}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 129, No. 10, 3037--3047 (2001; Zbl 0976.42004)] and [Arch. Math. 111, No. 1, 85--99 (2018; Zbl 1394.35526)] where \textit{M. Egidi} and \textit{I. Veselić} first introduced the concept of \((\gamma,a)\)-thick set and then showed that the \((\gamma,a)\)-thickness of the control set \(\omega\) is a characterization of the heat equation above having null controllability in any positive time, which implies the equivalence between a measurable set being \(\gamma\)-thick and the measurable set satisfying the observability inequality.

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