Geometric control condition for the wave equation with a time-dependent observation domain
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Abstract: We characterize the observability property (and, by duality, the controllability and the stabilization) of the wave equation on a Riemannian manifold with or without boundary, where the observation (or control) domain is time-varying. We provide a condition ensuring observability, in terms of propagating bicharacteristics. This condition extends the well-known geometric control condition established for fixed observation domains. As one of the consequences, we prove that it is always possible to find a time-dependent observation domain of arbitrarily small measure for which the observability property holds. From a practical point of view, this means that it is possible to reconstruct the solutions of the wave equation with only few sensors (in the Lebesgue measure sense), at the price of moving the sensors in the domain in an adequate way.We provide several illustrating examples, in which the observationdomain is the rigid displacement in of a fixed domain, withspeed showing that the observability property depends both on and on the wave speed. Despite the apparent simplicity of some of ourexamples, the observability property can depend on nontrivial arithmeticconsiderations.
Investigated is the observability of the classical wave equation \(\square_{g}u=0\), on a \(d\)-dimensional Riemannian manifold \((\Omega,g)\), with homogeneous Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. It is known that the observability property holds if some geometric control conditions, GCC are satisfied. The aim of the article is to extend the GCC to time-dependent observation domains. By using the notion of compressed generalized bicharacteristic, the time-dependent geometric control condition, t-GCC is defined. There is proved that under some special assumptions and if \(Q\) is an open subset of \((\mathbb R \times\overline{\Omega})\) that satisfies the t-GCC and \(T>T_{0}(Q,\Omega)\), the observability inequality holds. Further, as consequences, a result for the control of the wave equation with time-dependent control domain and results on observability with few sensors and stabilization are shown. The main results are then extended to the case of boundary observability. An extensive discussion is dedicated to examples and counterexamples.
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