Observable sets, potentials and Schrödinger equations

DOI10.1007/S00220-022-04454-2MaRDI QIDQ2090434zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Shanlin Huang, Ming Wang, Gengsheng Wang

Publication date 25 October 2022

Published in Communications in Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11263

Schrödinger operator, Schrödinger equation (35J10) Observability (93B07) Control/observation systems governed by partial differential equations (93C20)

Abstract: We characterize observable sets for 1-dim Schr"{o}dinger equations in

m a t h b b R

:

i p a r t i a l_{t} u = (- p a r t i a l_{x}^{2} + x^{2 m}) u

(with

m i n m a t h b b N := 0, 1, d o t s

). More precisely, we obtain what follows: First, when

m = 0

,

E s u b s e t m a t h b b R

is an observable set at some time if and only if it is thick, namely, there is

g a m m a > 0

and

L > 0

so that

left|E �igcap [x, x+ L] ight|geq gamma L;;mbox{for each};;xin mathbb{R};

Second, when

m = 1

(

m g e q 2

resp.),

E

is an observable set at some time (at any time resp. ) if and only if it is weakly thick, namely

varliminf_{x ightarrow +infty} frac{|E�igcap [-x, x]|}{x} >0.

From these, we see how potentials

x^{2 m}

affect the observability (including the geometric structures of observable sets and the minimal observable time). Besides, we obtain several supplemental theorems for the above results, in particular, we find that a half line is an observable set at time

T > 0

for the above equation with

m = 1

if and only if

T > f r a c p i 2

.

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