Phase unwinding, or invariant subspace decompositions of Hardy spaces (Q2420227)

For \(1 < p < \infty\), let \(H^p\) be the Hardy space on the unit circle and let \(\{Q_k\}_{k\ge 0}\) be a sequence of projections from \(H^p\) on subspaces of \(H^p\). For \(f\in H^p\) write \(f=g_0+u_1 f_1\) where \(g_0=Q_0 f\), \(u_1\) is an inner function and \(f_1\) is an outer function. Next, write \(f_1=g_1+u_2 f_2\) where \(g_1=Q_1 f\), \(u_2\) is an inner function and \(f_2\) is an outer function. For each \(f\in H^p\), this iterative method gives a decomposition \[ f=S_n f+R_n f,\qquad\text{where}\quad S_nf=g_0+\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \,g_{k}\prod_{j=1}^{k} u_j\quad\text{and}\quad R_n f=f _n\prod_{j=1}^{n} u_j. \] One of the main goals of this paper is to study the convergence of \(S_n f\) to \(f\) in \(H^p\) for projections \(Q_k\) related to orthogonal projections on invariant subspaces of \(H^2\). The results obtained by the authors generalize the \(H^p\) convergence of Malmquist-Takenaka series, where the inner functions \(u_j\) are Blaschke functions. In addition, the authors give a parallel theory for Hardy spaces on the real line. The main results show that there is a multiscale wavelet basis in \(H^2(\mathbb{R})\) and also give an explicit decomposition for the inner function \(\exp(2\pi i/x)\).