An inverse approach to the center problem (Q2422573)

This paper studies the inverse center problem, i.e., for a given analytic function \[ H = \frac{1}{2}{x^2 + y^2} + \sum_{j=3}^\infty H_j, \tag{1} \] where \(H_j(x,y)\) is a homogenous polynomial of degree \(j\), try to determine the analytic or polynomial vector field \(\mathcal{X}\) for which \(H\) is a first integral. Moreover, given an analytic function \(V=1 + \sum_{j=1}^\infty V_j\) in a neighborhood of the origin, where \(V_j\) is a homogeneous polynomial of degree \(j\), try to determine the analytic or polynomial vector field \(\mathcal{X}\) for which \(V\) is Reeb inverse integrating factor. The authors prove that a vector field has a Poincaré-Liapunov local first integral if and only if it has a Reeb inverse integrating factor. Moreover, the analytic differential equation having a local first integral of the form (1) can be written as \[ \dot{x} = \left(1 + \sum_{j=1}^\infty g_j\right)\{H,x\},\quad \dot{y} = \left(1 + \sum_{j=1}^\infty g_j\right)\{H,y\} \] where \(g_j = g_j(x,y)\) is an arbitrary homogeneous polynomial of degree \(j\). If the polynomial system \[ \dot{x} = -y + \sum_{j=2}^m X_j(x,y),\quad \dot{y} = x + \sum_{j=2}^m Y_j(x,y) \] of degree \(m\) has a Reeb integrating factor \(V = 1 + \sum_{j=1}^\infty V_j\), then the system can be rewritten as \[ \dot{x} = \left(1 + \sum_{j=1}^\infty V_j\right) \{F,x\},\quad \dot{y} = \left(1 +\sum_{j=1}^\infty V_j\right) \{F, y\}, \] where \(F=\sum_{j=2}^\infty F_j\) and \(F_2 = (x^2+y^2)/2\), \(F_j = F_j(x,y)\) for \(j>2\) is an arbitrary homogenous polynomial of degree \(j\). Based on these conclusions, the inverse Poincaré-Liapunov's problem and the inverse Reeb problem for polynomial planar vector fields (\(k = m<\infty\)) are solved in the paper that provides the expressions for the analytic differential system as functions of its first integral or functions of its Reeb integrating factor.