Reducible \(M\)-curves for Le-networks in the totally-nonnegative Grassmannian and KP-II multiline solitons (Q2424714)

The well-known Kadomtsev-Petviashvili II (KP-II) equation \[ \left(- 4{u_t}+6u{u_x}+u_{xxx}\right)_x+3u_{yy}=0 \tag{1} \] was introduced by \textit{B. B. Kadomtsev} and \textit{V. I. Petviashvili} [Sov. Phys., Dokl. 15, 539--541 (1970; Zbl 0217.25004); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 192, 753--756 (1970)]. By relating the Sato Grassmannian approach [\textit{M. Sato}, RIMS Kokyuroku 439, 30--46 (1981; Zbl 0507.58029)] and the KP finite-gap theory (see, for example, [\textit{B. A. Dubrovin} and \textit{S. M. Natanzon}, Math. USSR, Izv. 32, No. 2, 269--288 (1988; Zbl 0672.35072); translation from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 52, No. 2, 267--286 (1988); \textit{I. M. Krichever}, Sov. Math., Dokl. 17, 394--397 (1976; Zbl 0361.35007); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 227, No. 2, 291--294 (1976); Funct. Anal. Appl. 11, 12--26 (1977; Zbl 0368.35022)], the authors of the paper quest for new relations between total positivity in Grassmannians (see [\textit{G. Lusztig}, Prog. Math. 123, 531--568 (1994; Zbl 0845.20034); Represent. Theory 2, 70--78 (1998; Zbl 0895.14014); \textit{A. Postnikov}, ``Total positivity, Grassmannians, and networks'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:math/0609764}] and \texttt{M}-curves [\textit{D.A. Gudkov}, Russ. Math. Surv. 29, No. 4, 1--79 (1974; Zbl 0316.14018); translation from Usp. Mat. Nauk 29, No. 4 (178), 3--79; \textit{S. M. Natanzon}, Russ. Math. Surv. 54, No. 6, 3--60 (1999; Zbl 1002.14012); translation from Usp. Mat. Nauk 54, No. 6, 3--60 (1999); \textit{O. Ya. Viro}, Leningr. Math. J. 1, No. 5, 1059--1134 (1990; Zbl 0732.14026); translation from Algebra Anal. 1, No. 5, 1--73 (1989)]. Earlier the authors [Commun. Math. Phys. 361, No. 3, 1029--1081 (2018; Zbl 1400.14094)] constructed real algebraic-geometric data for soliton data in the main cell \(Gr^{\mathrm{TP}}(k,n)\) and in this study this approach is considerably simplified and extended to all points in \(Gr^{\mathrm{TNN}}(k,n)\) (the totally nonnegative part of real Grassmannians) by using the parametrization of positroid cells in \(Gr^{\mathrm{TNN}}(k,n)\) through the Le-network approach of Postnikov [loc. cit.]. In particular, a canonical reducible \texttt{M}-curve \(\Gamma\), which is proven to be a rational degeneration of a smooth \texttt{M}-curve of genus equal to the dimension \(g\) of the positroid cell, is associated to the Le-graph \(\mathcal{G}\) describing the corresponding cell and the authors also provide a parametrization of each \(g\)-dimensional positroid cell by real regular degree \(g\) non-special divisors \(\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{KP},\Gamma}\). The main construction of the paper and the Construction 4.1 in Subsection 4.1 are the core ideas developed in this paper. Other equally important results are Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 which are stated below for the interested reader. Theorem 4.1 (Existence and uniqueness of a real and regular divisor and vacuum wave function on \(\Gamma\) satisfying appropriate boundary conditions) Let \((\mathcal{K},[A])\) be given soliton data with \([A] \in\mathcal{S}_{\mathcal{M}}^{\mathrm{TNN}}\) of dimension \(g\), and let \(\Gamma\) be as in Construction 4.1 with Darboux points \(\{P_{i_r}^{(3)},r \in[k]\}\). Then, we can fix an initial time \(\vec{t}_0\) such that to the following data \((\mathcal{K},[A];\Gamma,P_0,P_{i_1}^{(3)},\dots ,P_{i_k}^{(3)};\vec{t}_0)\) we associate: (1) a unique real and regular degree \(g\) vacuum divisor \(\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{vac},\Gamma}\) as in Definition 4.2, (2) a unique real and regular vacuum wave function \(\hat \phi(P,\vec{t})\) corresponding to this divisor satisfying Definitions 4.3 and 4.4.. Moreover, at the Darboux points, \(\hat \phi(P,\vec{t})\) satisfies \[ \hat \phi(P_{i_r}^{(3)},\vec{t}) \equiv \frac{\sum\nolimits_{l=1}^nA_l^r\exp(\theta_l(\vec{t}))}{\sum\nolimits_{l=1}^nA_l^r\exp(\theta _l(\vec{t}_0))},r \in[k],\forall \vec{t}, \] where \(A\) is the reduced row echelon representative matrix of \([A].\) Theorem 4.2 (The effective divisor on \(\Gamma\)) Assume that \(\hat{\phi}\) is the real and regular vacuum wave function on \(\Gamma\) of Theorem 4.1 for the given soliton data \((\mathcal{K},[A])\). Let \(\hat{\psi}\) be the normalized dressed wave function from Definition 4.5. Then the divisor \(\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{KP},\Gamma}\) is the KP divisor on \(\Gamma\) for the soliton data \((\mathcal{K},[A])\), and it satisfies the reality and regularity conditions of Definition 2.4, whereas \(\hat{\psi}\) is the KP wave function on \(\Gamma\) for the soliton data \((\mathcal{K},[A])\). Moreover, the degree of the effective pole divisor of \(\hat{\psi}\) coincides with \(g\), the dimension of the positroid cell of \([A ].\) Theorem 4.1 is proved in Section 5 and in Section 6 the authors apply the construction of this paper to soliton data in \(Gr^{\mathrm{TP}}(2,4)\) and compare the results with the construction of their earlier paper [Commun. Math. Phys. 361, No. 3, 1029--1081 (2018; Zbl 1400.14094)]. With a view to make the paper self-contained a detailed and useful appendix discussing the basic concepts is also given at the end of the paper. An important consequence flowing from the construction of this paper is that the genus of the underlying smooth \texttt{M}-curve is minimal and it coincides with the dimension of the positroid cell in \(Gr^{\mathrm{TNN}}(k,n)\) to which the soliton data belong to. The reviewer finds the constructions and results developed in paper to be of significant advancement in the theory of Le-networks in the totally nonnegative Grassmannian and KP-II multiline solitons.