Existence of affine-periodic solutions to Newton affine-periodic systems (Q2424957)

In this paper, the authors consider a class of Newton affine-periodic systems of the form \[ x'' = f(t,x,x'),\tag{$*$} \] where the non-linear term $ f:\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R} $ is continuous and ensures the uniqueness of the solutions of ($*$) with respect to initial values. Further, $f$ is an $a$-affine $T$-periodic function, that is, \[ f(t+T,x,x')= af(t,a^{-1}x,a^{-1}x')\forall t\in \mathbb{R}, \forall x\in \mathbb{R}.\tag{$**$} \] Equation ($*$) with ($**$) is called a Newton a-affine T-periodic system. They obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of a-affine T-periodic solutions of ($*$) and ($**$). The main tool used to establish the results in this paper are (i) the concept of lower and upper solutions and (ii) the homotopy invariance of Leray-Schauder degree. Some examples are given to illustrate the main results. In the following one of the main results is stated: Theorem. Let $a > 0$. Assume that the system ($*$) with ($**$) satisfies the following conditions: \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] $\alpha \in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})$ is a strict lower solution and $\beta \in C^{2}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})$ is a strict upper solution to Equations ($*$), that is, $\alpha '' > f(t,\alpha,\alpha')$, $\beta'' < f(t,\beta,\beta') \forall t \in \mathbb{R}$, \item[(ii)] $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are a-affine T-periodic functions, that is, $\alpha (t+T)= a \alpha (t)$, $\beta (t+T)=a \beta (t) \forall t\in \mathbb{R}$, \item[(iii)] $\alpha (t) < \beta (t), \forall t\in \mathbb{R}$. \end{itemize} Then there exists an a-affine T-periodic solution of ($*$) and ($**$) in the order interval $(\alpha, \beta)$. A similar theorem is proved for $a < 0$.