The continuous classical Heisenberg ferromagnet equation with in-plane asymptotic conditions. II: IST and closed-form soliton solutions (Q2425208)

This is the continuation of the paper [\textit{F. Demontis} et al., Ric. Mat. 68, No. 1, 145--161 (2019; Zbl 1423.35323)] where the authors study the continuous classical Heisenberg spin chain whose magnetization vector \(\mathbf{m}(x,t)\in\mathbb{S}^2\) at position \(x\in\mathbb{R}\) and time \(t\) satisfies the Heisenberg ferromagnet equation with in-plane asymptotic boundary conditions \begin{gather*} \mathbf{m}_t = \mathbf{m} \wedge \mathbf{m}_{xx} \tag{1a} \\ \mathbf{m}(x) \to \cos(\gamma)\mathbf{e}_1 - \sin(\gamma)\mathbf{e}_2 \quad\text{as } x\to\pm\infty \tag{1b} \end{gather*} for a given angle \(\gamma\in[0,2\pi)\). In their previous work, the authors developed the direct and inverse scattering theory, thereby providing a general machinery, the inverse scattering transform (IST), to construct solutions of (1). Their main result in this paper is a new, explicit formula which generates all soliton solutions of (1a) under condition (1b) whose reflection coefficient is zero for all spectral parameters \(\lambda\) and all times \(t\). Besides the IST, the main ingredient in the derivation of this formula is the so-called matrix triplet method, see, e.g., Section 4 in [\textit{C. van der Mee}, Nonlinear evolution models of integrable type, vol. 11, e-Lectures Notes, SIMAI (2013)]. The latter is used in solving the Marchenko equation (see their formula (6)) which relates the scattering data with solutions of (1). More precisely, it allows one to decompose the Marchenko kernel \(\Omega\) (which contains the scattering data, see (7)) in the form \(\Omega=\mathcal{C}\mathrm{e}^{-\mathcal{A}}\mathcal{B}\) where \(\mathcal{A}=\mathrm{diag}(A,A^*)\) is a \(2n\times 2n\) matrix, \(\mathcal{B}\) is a \(2n\times 2\) and \(\mathcal{C}\) a \(2\times 2n\) matrix, see their formula (13). In particular, the eigenvalues of \(A\) are the poles of the transmission coefficients multiplied by \(-i\), i.e., their real parts are positive. Together with another auxiliary matrix \(\mathcal{P}\) which obeys the Sylvester equation \(\mathcal{A}\mathcal{P}+\mathcal{P}\mathcal{A}=\mathcal{B}\mathcal{C}\), this allows them to explicitly solve Marchenko's equation, and therefore problem (1) (see also their formula (8)), in terms of these four matrices. This is first done at \(t=0\) (see their formula (18)) and then, using the time evolution of the scattering data for all \(t\), see their formulae (21). It is interesting to note that solutions with asymptotic boundary conditions (1b) are in fact generated by those with so-called easy-axis conditions, i.e., \(\mathbf{m}(x)\to\mathbf{e}_3\) as \(x\to\pm\infty\). In fact, a more general solution to (1) is presented in (25). Eventually, the authors mention that the solutions (21) and (25) can also be derived by using the symmetries of (1) instead of employing the IST, see [\textit{R. F. Egorov} et al., Phys. Lett., A 292, No. 6, 325--334 (2002; Zbl 0979.82057)] and [\textit{Z. Zhao} and \textit{B. Han}, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 45, 220--234 (2017)]. In the last section, the authors investigate two classes of propagating and stationary soliton solutions to (1) and complement the analytic discussion with some numerics. On the one hand, so-called magnetic-droplet solitons are associated to algebraically simple eigenvalues of \(A\) and describe ``localized, coherent magnetic configurations travelling with constant velocity''. In particular, the space and time evolution is entirely described in terms of the constant velocity of propagation (which depends on the real part of the pole of the transmission coefficient) and the constant frequency (which depends on the real and imaginary parts of the pole of the transmission coefficient). The other class of solutions, which has not appeared in the literature before and is not discussed in full detail in this paper, consists of so-called multipole solutions which correspond to degenerate eigenvalues of \(A\). The authors consider two examples of one single multi-pole soliton whose associated eigenvalue is real and two-, respectively three-fold degenerate. In this case, they expect that the solution consists of two, respectively three branches whose velocity of propagation has a logarithmic time-dependence.