Champagne subdomains with unavoidable bubbles (Q2437407)

Let \(U\subset {\mathbb R}^d\), \(d\geq 2\), be a non-empty conected open set. Suppose that \(X\) is a countable set in \(U\) having no accumulation point in \(U\), and let \(r_x>0\), \(x \in X\), such that the closed balls \(B(x,r_x)\), called in the following \textit{the bubbles}, are pairwise disjoint, \(\sup_{x\in X} r_x/\text{dist}(x,\partial U) < 1\) and, if \(U\) is unbounded, then \(r_x \to 0\) as \(x\to\infty\). The union \(A=\bigcup_{x\in X} B(x,r_x)\) is called the set of bubbles and the connected open set \(U \setminus A\) is called a champagne subdomain of \(U\). The authors investigate the question of unavoidable configuration of bubbles, that is, the Brownian motion starting in \(U \setminus A\) and killed when leaving \(U\), may hit \(A\) almost surely or, equivalently, \(A\) may have harmonic measure 1 for \(U \setminus A\). The main results of the paper are as follows: { Theorem 1.} Let \(U\neq \emptyset\) be a connected open set in \({\mathbb R}^d\), \(d\geq2\), and let \(h : (0, 1) \to {\mathbb R}_+\) be such that \(\liminf_{t\to 0} h(t) = 0\). Then, for every \(\delta > 0\), there is a champagne subdomain \(U \setminus A\) such that \(A\) is unavoidable and \[ \sum_{x\in X}\left(\log\frac{1}{r_x}\right)^{-1}h(r_x)<\delta \qquad \text{ if \(d=2,\)}\tag{1} \] \[ \sum_{x\in X} r_x^{d-2} <\delta \qquad \text{ if \(d\geq 3.\)}\tag{2} \] { Theorem 2.} Let \(d\geq2\) and \(U={\mathbb R}^b\) or \(U=B(0,L)\), \(L>0\). Further, let \(0< R_1 < R_2 <\cdots\) with \(B(0, R_k)\to U\) and \(h : (0,1) \to {\mathbb R}_+\) with \(\liminf_{t\to 0}h(t) = 0\). Then, for every \(\delta > 0\), there exist finite sets \(X_k\subset \partial B(0, R_k)\) and \(r_k > 0\) such that, taking \[ A:=\bigcup_{x\in X_k, k\in {\mathbb N}}\overline B(x,r_k) \] the set \(B(0, 1) \setminus A\) is a champagne subdomain, \(A\) is unavoidable and (1) - (2) hold.