Diophantine approximation of the orbit of 1 in the dynamical system of beta expansions (Q2454420)

For a number \(\beta > 1\), the so-called \(\beta\)-expansion of real numbers was introduced by \textit{A. Rényi} [Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hung. 8, 477--493 (1957; Zbl 0079.08901)] and \textit{W. Parry} [Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11, 401--416 (1960; Zbl 0099.28103)]. Underlying the \(\beta\)-expansion is the \(\beta\)-transformation, \(T_\beta(x) = \beta x - \lfloor \beta x \rfloor\), defined for \(x \in (0,1)\) and extended to \([0,1)\) by letting \(T_\beta(0) = 0\). As usual, \(\lfloor x\rfloor\) denotes the integer part of the real number \(x\). The authors consider the set of numbers \(\beta > 1\) such that for a given sequence of integers \(\{l_n\}\) tending to infinity with \(n\), the inequality \[ | T_\beta^n (1) - x_0 | < \beta^{-l_n} \] is satisfied for infinitely many \(\beta\). Here, \(x_0 \in [0,1]\) is fixed, but the authors also consider the more general setting, where \(x_0\) is replaced by \(x(\beta)\), a Lipschitz continuous function. In either case, the set of such \(\beta\)'s is shown to have Hausdorff dimension \(1/(1+\alpha)\), where \(\alpha = \liminf_{n \rightarrow \infty} l_n/n\). The proof depends heavily on the combinatorics of the admissible words in the associated \(\beta\)-shift.