Isochronous and strongly isochronous second-order holomorphic dynamical systems on the plane (Q2459754)

Recall that a center point of a planar system is called isochronous if all their periodic orbits have the same period. Consider a real analytic system of the form \[ x'=-y-P(x,y), \quad y'=x+Q(x,y) \] with \(P\) and \(Q\) starting at least with second order terms. The main result of this paper is: The center of the system is isochronous if and only if there exists a expression of the form \(F(x,y)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty F_{3n}(x,y)(x^2+y^2)^{-n},\) with \(F_{3n}(x,y)\) homogeneous polynomials of degree \(3n,\) satisfying \[ xQ(x,y)+yP(x,y)=(x^2+y^2)\left((x+Q(x,y)){\partial F(x,y)\over \partial y}-(y+P(x,y)) {\partial F(x,y)\over \partial x}\right). \] It is said that second-order isochronism takes place if the center is isochronous and moreover there exits a line through the origin such that the time between two consecutive crosses with this line is half of the period. The authors prove that this property holds for the lines that are included in the set \(\{F(x,y)=0\}\).