Imperfect transcritical and pitchfork bifurcations (Q2461225)

Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be Banach spaces, \(F: \mathbb{R} \times X \to Y\) a nonlinear differentiable map. The authors study the bifurcations of solutions for the equation \[ F(\lambda, u) = 0 \] in a neighborhood of a point \((\lambda_0, u_0)\) under the following assumptions: (F1) \(\dim N\left(F_u\left(\lambda_0,u_0\right)\right) = \text{codim}\,R \left(F_u\left(\lambda_0,u_0\right)\right) = 1\); (F2') \(F_\lambda (\lambda_0,u_0) \in R \left(F_u\left(\lambda_0,u_0\right)\right)\). It is shown that the solution set near \((\lambda_0,u_0)\) is either an isolated single point or a pair of transversally intersecting curves. In the second part of the paper, the authors consider the imperfect bifurcations of bifurcation diagram in \((\lambda,u)\) space for the equation \[ F(\varepsilon,\lambda, u) = 0 \] under small perturbations \(\varepsilon\). Some results concerning the symmetry breaking of transcritical and pitchfork bifurcations are presented.