Geometry of noncommutative algebraic principal bundles (Q2462031)
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Geometry of noncommutative algebraic principal bundles (English)
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23 November 2007
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Noncommutative extension of the geometry of fibre bundles, especially the Chern-Weil theory, based on coaction of a quantum group is reviewed following \textit{M. Djurdjevic} [Commun. Math. Phys. 175, No. 3, 457--520 (1996; Zbl 0840.58009); Rev. Math. Phys. 9, No. 5, 531--607 (1997; Zbl 0907.58001); Rep. Math. Phys. 38, No. 3, 313--324 (1996; Zbl 0886.58006); Rep. Math. Phys. 41, No. 1, 91--115 (1998; Zbl 0931.58009)]. Techniques used in this approach is much closer to the techniques used in ordinary differential geometry than the approach of \textit{T. Brzezinski} and \textit{S. Majid} [Commun. Math. Phys. 157, No. 3, 591--638 (1993; Zbl 0817.58003)] and \textit{P. M. Hajac} [Commun. Math. Phys. 182, No. 3, 579--617 (1996; Zbl 0873.58007)]. We may say the approach of this paper is close to the abstract differential geometry [cf. \textit{A. Mallios}, Geometry of vector sheaves. I, II, Kluwer (1998; Zbl 0904.18001 and Zbl 0904.18002); \textit{E. Vassiliou}, Geometry of principal sheaves, Springer (2005; Zbl 1082.53002)]. The paper is divided in the following three chapters; Chap. 1. Quantum groups and principal bundles, Chap. 2. Locally trivial quantum bundles, Chap. 3. Connections and obstructions. Chap. 1 deals with general theory of quantum principal bundles and their connections and curvatures. Then under suitable assumptions, Chern-Weil theory is derived. In Chap. 2, good classes of quantum bundles are defined and their characteristic classes theory are presented as the application and refinement of Chern-Weil theory in Chap. 1. Connections of quantum bundles with good properties (regular connection) may not exist in general. This is similar to the case of a holomorphic connection [cf. \textit{M. F. Atiyah}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 85, 181--207 (1957; Zbl 0078.16002)]. Chap. 3 deals with obstruction theory for existence of regular connections. They are written pedagogically with rich examples. The outline of the paper is as follows: In \S1 of Chap. 1, following \textit{S. L. Woronowicz} [Commun. Math. Phys. 111, 613--665 (1987; Zbl 0627.58034)], definitions, examples and differential calculus \(\Gamma\) of quantum groups are explained. Let \({\mathcal M}\) be a unital \(*\)-algebra and \({\mathcal A}\) be the algebra of smooth functions on a quantum group \(G\), then a quantum principal bundle \({\mathfrak B}\) with base \({\mathcal M}\) and structure group \({\mathcal A}\) is a unital \(*\)-algebra such that there exists a \(*\)-algebra homomorphism \[ F:{\mathcal B}\to{\mathcal B}\otimes{\mathcal A},\quad (\text{id}\otimes\phi) F= (F\otimes\text{id}) F,\quad (\text{id}\otimes \varepsilon) F= \text{id}, \] where \(\phi\) and \(\varepsilon\) are the comultiplication and the counit of \({\mathcal A}\) and an embedding \(i:{\mathcal M}\to {\mathcal B}\), an epimorphism \(X:{\mathcal B}\otimes{\mathcal B}\to{\mathcal B}\otimes{\mathcal A}\) with suitable properties (stated as (QPB1) and (QPB2)). This definition and examples of quantum principal bundles are given in \S2. In \S3, differential calculus on a principal quantum bundle \(P\) compatible with a bicovariant differential calculus \(\Lambda^{\vee}\) on \({\mathcal A}\) is defined (Def. 3.1). The algebra of horizontal differential forms \({\mathfrak h}{\mathfrak o}{\mathfrak r}(P)\), etc., is also defined in \S3. Then following the methods used in ordinary differential geometry, connections of a principal quantum bundle is defined (Def. 4.3) and existence theorems for connections are given in \S4. In general, the curvature of the connection is not determined by the connection. To uniquely determine the curvature from a connection, multiplicative connections are introduced (p. 1926). To develop characteristic class theory by using curvature, multiplicative connections are insufficcent and the notion of regular connection is defined (Def. 4.6). For regular connections, their curvatures have similar properties as curvatures in ordinary differential geometry (Th. 4.6). Since the Bianchi identity of curvatures of regular connections takes classical form (Th. 4.6 (ix)), a mapping similar to the classical Weil homomorphism can be obtained for multiplicative regular connections (Th. 4.7. In this paper, Weil is misprinted as Weyl). The vector bundle associated with a quantum principal bundle \(P\) by a representation \(u= (\widetilde u, H_u)\) of \({\mathcal A}\) is the space of morphism representations \[ \text{Mor}(u, F)= \{A\in\text{Hom}_{\mathbb{C}}(H_u,{\mathcal B})\mid F\circ A= (A\otimes \text{id})\Delta_u\} \] (Def. 5.1). Then adopting results in \S4 and applying the same techniques as in ordinary differential geometry, Chern-Weil theory of quantum vector bundles is presented in \S5 (Th. 5.9, Prop. 5.10). This section is concluded describing the relationship between differentiations of modules \({\mathcal F}_u= \text{Mor}(u,F^\wedge)\), and regular connections on \(P\) (Th. 5.12). To get the characteristic theory of quantum bundles from the Chern-Weil theory obtained in Chap. 1, first \({\mathcal M}\) is assumed to be the algebra \(C^\infty(M)\). Then the locally trivial quantum principal bundle over \(M\) with the quantum structure group \({\mathcal A}\) is defined to be a unital \(*\)-algebra \({\mathcal B}\) such that to have \(*\)-homomorphisms \(i: C^\infty(M)\to{\mathcal B}\) and \(\pi_U:{\mathcal B}\to C^\infty(U)\to{\mathcal A}\); \(\pi_U(i(f))= f|_U\otimes 1\), with suitable properties (Def. 6.1). Here \(U\) is a neighborhood of \(x\in M\), and its existence for any \(x\in M\) is assumed. After presenting an example of a quantum bundle which is not locally trivial, the locally trivial quantum principal bundle with structure group \({\mathcal A}\) is shown to be constructed from a uniquely defined principal bundle over \(M\) with the structure group \(G_{\text{cl}}\); the classical part of \({\mathcal A}\) (Th. 6.1). On locally trivial quantum principal bundles, a similar discussion of connections and curvatures as in ordinary differential geometry is possible and the image of the Weil homomorphism lies in the set of Chern characteristic classes of the classical part \(P_{\text{cl}}\) of the bundle if the curvature of any connection is closed (Th. 6.5). To extend results for quantum bundles over arbitrary unital algebras \({\mathcal M}\) in \S6, the algebra of differentiations \[ {\mathfrak d}{\mathfrak e}{\mathfrak r}({\mathcal M})= \{X\in\text{Hom}_K({\mathcal M},{\mathcal M})\mid X(ab)= X(ab)= X(a) b+ aX(b)\} \] is regarded as a commutative bimodule over \({\mathcal Z}\), a commutative subalgebra in \({\mathcal M}\) contained in the center, and the extrior algebra \(\wedge^*_{{\mathcal Z}}({\mathcal M})\) is considered. Then according to \textit{Yu. I. Zhuraev}, \textit{A. S. Mishchenko} and \textit{Yu. P. Solov'ev} [Mosc. Univ. Math. Bull. 41, No. 1, 80--82); translation from Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. I 1986, No. 1, 75--76 (1986; Zbl 0613.46060)] the graded space \[ \Omega^*_{{\mathcal Z}}({\mathcal M})= \bigoplus_{n\geq 0} \Omega^n_{{\mathcal Z}}({\mathcal M});\quad \Omega^0_{{\mathcal Z}}({\mathcal M})={\mathcal M},\quad \Omega^n_{{\mathcal Z}}({\mathcal M})= \text{Hom}_{{\mathcal Z}}(\wedge^n_{{\mathcal Z}}({\mathcal M}),{\mathcal M}),\;n\geq 1, \] is introduced and named Cartan differential calculus (\S7). If \({\mathcal Z}\) consists of \(*\)-invariant elements, the Lie algebra of Hermitian differentials \({\mathfrak d}{\mathfrak e}{\mathfrak r}_h(M)\) is considered, and the horizontal part \({\mathfrak h}{\mathfrak o}{\mathfrak r}^*_{\text{SC}}(P)= \bigoplus_{n\geq 0}{\mathfrak h}{\mathfrak o}{\mathfrak r}^n_{\text{SC}}(P)\); \[ {\mathfrak h}{\mathfrak o}{\mathfrak r}^n_{\text{SC}}(P)= F^{-1}_*(\text{Hom}_{{\mathcal Z}}(\wedge^n_{{\mathcal Z},h}({\mathcal M}),{\mathcal B})\otimes{\mathcal A}), \] of \(\bigoplus_{n\geq 0}\text{Hom}_{{\mathcal Z}}(\wedge^n_{{\mathcal Z},h}({\mathcal M}),{\mathcal B})\) is shown to decompose as \[ \Omega_{\text{SC}}({\mathcal M})\otimes_{{\mathcal M}}{\mathcal B}\cong{\mathfrak h}{\mathfrak o}{\mathfrak r}^*_{\text{SC}}(P)\cong{\mathcal B}\otimes_{{\mathcal M}}\Omega_{\text{SC}}({\mathcal M}) \] (Th. 7.4). By this result, Th. 5.12 can be applied for Cartan differential calculus, and parallel discussions of connections and curvatures as in ordinary differential geometry are possible. This is explained in \S8. The author remarks \(\text{tr\,}M\) is not trace of graded morphism. So the regularity assumption of connection is needed. In Chap. 3, first the map \(\mu_\omega:{\mathcal N}\otimes{\mathcal K}\to{\mathcal K}\), \({\mathcal N}={\mathfrak h}{\mathfrak o}{\mathfrak r}(P)\otimes\Gamma_{\text{inv}}\), \({\mathcal K}= {\mathfrak h}{\mathfrak o}{\mathfrak r}(P)\) is defined and it is shown that its class \([\mu_\omega\in H^1_{\text{eq}}({\mathcal N},{\mathcal K})\) gives obstruction to the existence of regular connections (Th. 9.5, Corrl. 9.6). If Cartan differential calculus is possible, then this cohomology is rewritten as the Hochschild cohomology \(HH({\mathcal M},\Omega({\mathcal M})\) (Th. 9.9). In \S10, the last section, the case of vector bundles is investigated. As applications a regular connection exists if \({\mathcal M}= \text{Mat}_n(\mathbb{C})\) or \(\text{Mat}_n(C^\infty(M))\) (Example 10.1 and 10.2). As for the example of a bimodule having nonvanishing obstruction, the author refers to \textit{G. I. Sharygin} [Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Ser. I, No.~6, 62--64 (2000; Zbl 0991.16003)].
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quantum group
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quantum principal bundle
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connection
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Weil homomorphism
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Cartan differential calculi
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