Bifurcation of periodic orbits of a three-dimensional system (Q2483728)

Consider a \(C^\infty\) three-dimensional system having a \(C^\infty\) invariant surface of the form \(y=M(x),\) where \(x\in\mathbb R^2\) and \(y\in\mathbb R.\) Since without loos of generality we can assume that \(M(x)\equiv0\) it can be written as \[ \dot x=f(x)+yf_1(x,y),\quad \dot y=yg(x,y). \] Assume that \(\dot x=f(x)\) has a limit cycle \(\Gamma\) with multiplicity \(k.\) This paper is devoted to derive conditions on the following perturbation of the above system \[ \dot x=f(x)+yf_1(x,y)+\varepsilon P(x,y,\varepsilon), \quad\dot y=yg(x,y)+\varepsilon Q(x,y,\varepsilon), \] under which the number of periodic orbits in a neighborhood of \(\Gamma\) can be controlled. In particular, there are results which guarantee that \(\Gamma\) generates 1,2,3 or 4 periodic orbits as well as other type of results, where an upper bound of \(k,k+1,2k\) or \(2k+2\) periodic orbits is given. These conditions can be computed from the Taylor expansion of some functions constructed from the differential equation and the expression of the periodic orbit.