Gapless excitation above a domain wall ground state in a flat-band Hubbard model (Q2487835)

In this paper the excitations above the ferromagnetic domain wall ground state in the deformed flat-band Hubbard model by a complex anisotropy parameter with an exact domain wall ground state are studied. It is clarified whether or not, this model has the same spectra as in the \(XXZ\) model. The SU(2) spin rotation symmetry in the original flat-band model is reduced to U(1) symmetry in the deformed model. First, the model is studied under an open boundary condition. The ferromagnetic domain structure is characterized in terms of the local order parameter, which represents the third component of the localized spin. The uniqueness of the ground state for the half-filled lowest band in a fixed magnetization subspace is shown. The local order parameter is represented in terms of the local electron density, and the profile of the ferromagnetic domain wall is shown. By studying the low energy excitations, it is shown, that in this model exists a gapless excitation above the domain wall ground state in dimensions higher than one. The excited state is constructed by action of a local operator near the domain wall on the ground state. This property of the domain wall ground state is similar to the gapless excitation above the domain wall ground state in the \(XXZ\) model. Then, the model is also studied under the periodic boundary condition. In this case a ground state becomes the all-spin-up or all-spin-down state. It is shown that one-magnon spin-wave excitation above the all-spin-up ground state has an energy gap because of the anisotropy. The proof is based on Tasaki's argument for the SU(2) invariant model. The above excitation property is similar to the Ising gap in the ferromagnetic \(XXZ\) model.