Jørgensen groups of parabolic type I (finite case) (Q2492090)

Let \(A\) and \(\;B\) be two Möbius transformations such that they generate a non-elementary discrete group. Jørgensen showed that \( J(A,B)=| tr^{2}(A)-4| +| tr(ABA^{-1}B^{-1})-2| \geq 1\). A non-elementary two-generator subgroup of the Möbius transformation group is called a Jørgensen group if for some pair of generators, \(A\) and \(B\), \(J(A,B)=1\). For such a group it is known that one of the generators, let us say \(A\), is elliptic of order at least \(7\) or is parabolic. If \(A\) is parabolic the Jørgensen group is called of parabolic type. Let \(A\) be parabolic and let \(B\) be a loxodromic or an elliptic transformation such that \(A\) and \(B\) have no common fixed points. Then \(A\) and \(B\) can be normalized as follows: \[ A=\left( \begin{matrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right) \text{ \;\;\;and \;\;} B=\left( \begin{matrix} \mu \sigma & \mu ^{2}\sigma -1/\sigma \\ \sigma & \mu \sigma \end{matrix} \right) \] \noindent where \(\sigma \in \mathbb{C}\backslash \{0\}\) and \(\mu \in \mathbb{C}\). The marked group \(G\) generated by \(A\) and \(B\) is denoted by \(G_{\sigma ,\mu }\). The authors make the following conjecture: for any Jørgensen group \(G\) of parabolic type, there exists a marked group \(G_{\sigma ,ik}\), \(\sigma \in \mathbb{C}\backslash \{0\}\) and \(k\in \mathbb{R}\), such that \(G\) is conjugate to \(G_{\sigma ,ik}\). \textit{H. Sato} [Contemporary Math. 256, 271-287 (2000; Zbl 0961.30032)] showed that if a marked two-generator group \(G_{\sigma ,ik}\) (as above) is a Jørgensen group such that \(J(A,B_{\sigma ,ik})=1\) then the point \((\sigma ,ik)\) representing \(G_{\sigma ,ik}\) lies on the cylinder \(C=\{(\sigma ,ik):\left| \sigma \right| =1,k\in \mathbb{R}\}.\) If \(\sigma =-ie^{i\theta }\) with \(\left| \sigma \right| =1\), then \(B_{\sigma ,ik}=\left( \begin{matrix} ke^{i\theta } & ik^{2}e^{i\theta }-ie^{-i\theta } \\ -ie^{i\theta } & ke^{i\theta } \end{matrix} \right) \). For simplicity we write \(B_{\theta ,k}\) and \(G_{\theta ,k}\). The authors have studied the problem of finding all Jørgensen groups of parabolic type \((\theta ,k)\). Three cases appear according to the values of \(k\) (\(0\leq \theta \leq 2\pi \)): 1) \(\left| k\right| \) \(\leq \sqrt{3}/2\) (finite case); 2) \(\sqrt{3}/2<\left| k\right| \leq 1\) (countably infinite case) and 3) \(1<\left| k\right| \) (uncountably infinite case). The last two cases were studied in [Osaka J. Math. 41, 491-506 (2004; Zbl 1076.30047)] and [Kodai Math. J. 28, 248-264 (2005; Zbl 1088.30045)] respectively. The paper under review deals with the finite case. The authors prove that in order to know whether or not \(G_{\theta ,k}\) is a Jørgensen group it suffices to consider the case where \(0\leq \theta \leq \pi /2\) and \(k\geq 0\) . Let \(D=\{(\theta ,k):0\leq \theta \leq \pi /2, \;0\leq k\leq \sqrt{3}/2\}\) and let \(\Omega =\{G_{\theta ,k}:(\theta ,k)\in D\}\). In the main result the authors prove that there are \(16\) Jørgensen groups \( G_{\theta ,k}\) in the region \(\Omega \) and the remaining groups in that region are not Kleinian groups. Seven Jørgensen groups are Kleinian groups of the second kind and nine are of the first kind. For each group the explicit values of \(\theta \) and \(k\), the signature of the Riemann surface or the volume of the quotient \(3\)-orbifold are given. At the end of the paper the authors state several open problems.