An energy balance climate model with hysteresis (Q2492487)

An energy balance climate model accounting for the repetition of fast warming followed by slower cooling is studied. It describes the dynamics of the temperature \(u\) and reads \[ \begin{align*}{ & \partial_t \left( c(x) u + w \right) - \nabla \left( k(x) \vert\nabla u\vert^{p-2} \nabla u \right) + g(u) = f(u,v)\,, \cr & v(t,x) = \int_{-T}^0 \beta(s,x) u(t+s,x) ds\,, \cr & \partial_t w = h_I(t,x,v,w) \left( \partial_t v \right)_+ - h_D(t,x,v,w) \left( \partial_t v \right)_- }\end{align*} \] for \(t>0\) and \(x\) ranging in a two-dimensional smooth and compact Riemannian manifold without boundary. Here, \(p\geq 2\), \((c,k,g,\beta)\) are smooth functions while \(f\) is either smooth (Sellers' model) or might jump (Budyko's model). Note that an equivalent formulation of the equation for \(w\) is \(w(t,x)={\mathcal W}_x[v(.,x)](t)\) where \({\mathcal W}_x\) is a Babuška-Duhem hysteresis operator. Under suitable assumptions well-posedness and uniform boundedness are established for the Sellers model. Global and uniformly bounded solutions are also shown to exist for the Budyko model. The uniqueness of solutions being no longer guaranteed in that case, the trajectory space approach developed by Chepyzhov, Sell and Vishik is used to define and construct the global attractor.