Riesz transforms on a solvable Lie group of polynomial growth (Q2571072)

Let \(G\) be a connected solvable Lie group with polynomial volume growth. Fix a Haar measure \(dg\) on \(G\) and let \(L^p= L^p(G, dg)\), \(1\leq p\leq\infty\). Consider the sub-Laplacian \(H=- \sum^d_{i=1} A^2_i\), where \(A_1,\dots, A_d\) are right invariant vector fields on \(G\) which algebraically generate the Lie algebra of \(G\). We denote \(S_t= e^{-tH}\), \(t> 0\), the semigroup generated by \(H\) acting in the spaces \(L^p\). \textit{G. Alexopoulos} [Can. J. Math. 44, No. 4, 691--727 (1992; Zbl 0792.22005)] proved important regularity results for \(H\), namely that the first-order Riesz transforms \(A_iH^{-1/2}\) are bounded operators in \(L^p\) for any \(1< p<\infty\) and that the second-order Riesz transforms \(A_i A_jH^{-1}\) are not always bounded, even in \(L^p\). Moreover, for any right invariant vector field \(X\) on \(G\), the global Riesz transform \(XH^{-1/2}S_1\) is bounded in \(L^p\). On the other hand, for solvable \(G\) the second-order transforms are all bounded only if \(G\) is nilpotent. This paper proves the boundedness of some modified second order Riesz transforms, more precisely that \(\widetilde X_1\widetilde X_2 H^{-1} S_1\) is bounded in \(L^p\), \(1< p<\infty\), whenever the \(\widetilde X_i\) are right invariant vector fields on a well-chosen nilshadow associated with \(G\).