Homogeneously Souslin sets in small inner models (Q2580958)

The properties of determinacy and being homogeneously Suslin are inextricably connected. The latter notion goes back to Tony Martin's proof of analytic determinacy from a measurable cardinal [\textit{D. A. Martin}, Fundam. Math. 66, 287--291 (1970; Zbl 0216.01401)] and developed into one of the main concepts of higher set theory: all of the proofs of determinacy from large cardinals actually use homogeneous tree constructions; the most famous example of this is the \textit{D. A. Martin} and \textit{J. R. Steel} proof of projective determinacy from Woodin cardinals [J. Am. Math. Soc. 2, 71--125 (1989; Zbl 0668.03021)]. In spite of this close link, these two notions are by no means equivalent. The class of homogeneously Suslin sets is always closed under continuous preimages (so it forms an initial segment of the Wadge hierarchy) whereas there are determined sets cofinal in the Wadge hierarchy. Determined sets do not need to have nice properties (only the determinacy of all sets in a boldface pointclass guarantees that these sets will have regularity properties), whereas being homogeneously Suslin automatically makes a set well-behaved. It is interesting to determine exactly what sets are homogeneously Suslin. The authors tackle this question for the case of inner models that have a measurable cardinal, but are not much bigger. They prove that if there is a measurable cardinal and \(0^{\text{long}}\) does not exist, then a set is homogeneously Suslin if and only if it is coanalytic (Theorem 1.6). In particular, under the mentioned assumptions, there are boldface pointclasses \(\boldsymbol{\Gamma}\) such that every set in \(\boldsymbol{\Gamma}\) is determined but there are sets in \(\boldsymbol{\Gamma}\) that are not homogeneously Suslin (for instance, \(\boldsymbol{\Gamma} = \boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_1\)). The consistency strength of ``every \(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_1\) set is homogeneously Suslin'' is unknown. The present paper gives a lower bound; a Woodin cardinal and a measurable above is an upper bound by the Martin-Steel theorem. Instead of working with the notion of homogeneous trees directly, the paper under review deals with the property of ``having an \(\omega\)-closed embedding normal form'', a notion introduced by Martin and Steel and closely related to homogeneous trees (as discussed in detail by \textit{P. Koepke} [J. Symb. Log. 63, 1137--1176 (1998; Zbl 0915.03043)]).