Modified Friedmann cosmologies -- theory and observations (Q2583784)

The Cardassian models have become an alternative to the dark energy models of cosmology which try to explain the acceleration of the universe. The Cardassian models resolve the expansion of the universe by introduction of an additional term into the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker equation [\textit{S. W. Hawking, G. F. R. Ellis}, The large scale structure of space-time. Cambridge Monographs of Mathematical Physics. Vol. I. (London: Cambridge University Press). (1973; Zbl 0265.53054); \textit{R. D'Inverno}, Introducing Einstein's relativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1992; Zbl 0776.53046); \textit{W. Rindler}, Relativity. Special, general and cosmological. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2001; Zbl 0981.83001)]. The main purpose of the paper under review is to demonstrate some unexpected cosmological consequences like the big-rip singularities and the magnitude-redshift relation for type Ia supernovae (SNIa) data by the application of projective techniques to qualitative cosmology. The duality inherent to projective geometry indicates the existence of a symmetry relation between the phantom and the quintessence field analogously to the scale factor duality in the super-string scenario.