A geometric proof of the periodic averaging theorem on Riemannian manifolds (Q262643)

The authors aim to generalize the classical averaging theorem in the following setting: they consider a smooth perturbed vector field \(X_\epsilon= X_0+\epsilon X_1\) on a Riemannian manifold \(M\), where \(X_0\) is a vector field with periodic flow, and hence, the vector field \(X_0\) induces an \(S^1\)-action on \(M\), which is assumed to be free. The \(S^1\)-action is not assumed to be trivial. Let \(\mathcal{O} = M/S^1\) be the orbit space. Hence, \((M,\rho,\mathcal{O})\) is a fiber bundle having \(S^1\) as typical fiber, where \(\rho: M\longrightarrow \mathcal{O}\) is the natural projection; a surjective submersion. The authors are interested in finding some estimates for the projections of the trajectories of the perturbed vector field \(X_\epsilon\) over \(\mathcal{O}\) with respect to the trajectories of a suitable vector field on the base. They provide a geometric proof of the averaging theorem following a coordinate-free approach. Finally, the authors make use of the averaging theorem to construct adiabatic invariants for perturbed vector fields.