Positive functionals induced by minimizers of causal variational principles (Q2631795)

With a series of own results on causal actions and causal variational principles as mathematical (and physical) background (e.g. [\textit{F. Finster} and \textit{J. Kleiner}, Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ. 56, No. 3, Paper No. 73, 33 p. (2017; Zbl 1375.49060)]) the author in this paper deals with relations between minimizers and the behavior of second variations. Starting with interesting remarks on the use of second variations especially of causal variation problems he explains mathematical things needed later (measures $\rho$ (and their supports) as variations, the action $S(\rho)= \int_{F} d\rho(x)\int_{F}L(x,y)d\rho(y)$, where the total volume $\rho(F)$ is fixed (volume constraint), $F$ a possibly non-compact smooth manifold of dimension $m \in \mathbb N$ and $L$ a smooth Lagrangian, which introduces a causal structure on $M$, being the support of a minimizing measure $\rho$). Points in $M$ are are called space-time points. Finally calculation of first variations of $S$ (with an integral $l$ of $L$) is introduced. All this is given in finite dimensional setting. The main theorem mentioned above says, that firstly for a minimizer $\rho$ two quadratic functionals made with second derivatives of $L$ and $l$ are positive, and secondly, if (under conditions) a Radon measure $\rho$ fulfills both the mentioned conditions, then $\rho$ is a isolated local minimum (in a special class of variations). The following four sections give the full proof of the theorem with a lot of accompanying remarks followed by sections 5 and 6 with applications. The proof uses in particular jet formalism, Lebesgue's convergence theorem and local fragmentation of the variations, the applications concern Hilbert space structures and surface layer integrals. \par It should be added, that the author expresses in a personal remark, that the paper is dedicated to the memory of Eberhard Zeidler, especially for his guidance and advice.