Average conditions for extinction in nonautonomous Kolmogorov systems (Q2653980)

The paper is devoted to the nonautonomous competitive Kolmogorov system \[ \dot{u}_i=u_if_i(t,u), \quad i=1,\dots,N, \tag{K} \] where \(t\geq0\), \(u=(u_1,\dots,u_N)\in C=\{u\in\mathbb{R}^N: u\geq0\}\), \(f_i\) and \(\partial f_i/\partial u_j\) are continuous in \([0,\infty)\times C\); \(\partial f_i/\partial u_j\) is bounded and uniformly continuous on \([0,\infty)\times \widetilde{C}\) with respect to \(u\) for any compact \(\widetilde{C}\subset C\); \(0<a^{(1)}_i\leq f_i(t,0)\leq a^{(2)}_i\); \(\partial f_i/\partial u_j\leq0\), but \(\partial f_i/\partial u_i\leq -b^{(1)}_{ii}<0\); \(i,j=1,\dots,N\). The system (K) constitutes a generalization of the classical Lotka-Volterra competition model \[ \dot{u}_i=u_i\left(a_i(t)-\sum_{j=1}^Nb_{ij}(t)u_j\right), \quad i=1,\dots,N. \] Following \textit{S. Ahmad} and \textit{A. C. Lazer} [Nonlinear Anal., Theory Methods Appl. 40, No.~1--8(A), 37--49 (2000; Zbl 0955.34041)], the author introduces the upper \(M[g]\) and lower \(m[g]\) averages of a continuous and bounded in \([0,\infty)\) function \(g\) as \[ M[g]=\limsup_{t-s\to\infty}\frac{1}{t-s}\int_s^tg(\tau) \, d\tau, \quad m[g]=\liminf_{t-s\to\infty}\frac{1}{t-s}\int_s^tg(\tau) \, d\tau. \] Applying these definitions the author gives the average conditions which guarantee that \(r\) of the \(N\) species are permanent while the remaining \(N - r\) are driven to extinction. In [Appl. Math. Comput. 215, No.~2, 481--494 (2009; Zbl 1181.34058)] the author gives the average conditions which guarantee that system (K) is persistent, globally attractive and permanent.