Up to second order Melnikov functions for general piecewise Hamiltonian systems with nonregular separation line (Q2662494)

In the paper, the authors study the bifurcation of limit cycles in non-smooth planar differential systems with two zones \(\Sigma^\pm\), formed from the broken separation line \(\{x\geq 0, y=k_0x, y=k_1x\}\) for some fixed \(k_0>0>k_1\) (\(\Sigma^+\) being the zone inside the angle). The first two Melnikov functions related to the small perturbation \(dH+\epsilon\omega_0+\epsilon^2\omega_1=0\) are calculated where \(H(x,y)=H^\pm(x,y)\), \(\omega_i= f_i^\pm(x,y)dy-g_i^\pm(x,y)dx\) in \(\Sigma^\pm\) respectively. Then the general formulas are applied to the particular case \(H^+=px+qy\), \(H^-=ax^2+by^2+cxy+dx+ey\) and fixed first-degree polynomials \(f_i^\pm, q_i^\pm\). As a result, the first two Melnikov functions can produce up to four and five limit cycles respectively and both bounds are exact.