Real spectra and \(\ell\)-spectra of algebras and vector lattices over countable fields (Q2664588)

As far as the reviewer sees, this paper continues studies that began with M. H. Stone's representation theorems for boolean algebras [\textit{M. H. Stone}, Cas. Math. Fys. 67, No. 1, 1--25 (1938; JFM 63.0830.01)] and was continued among others with a much cited paper on the prime ideal structure in commutative unital rings [\textit{M. Hochster}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 142, 43--60 (1969; Zbl 0184.29401)]. For suitable algebraic structures \(A\) one defines the spectrum of \(A,\) \(\text{Spec} A\) to be the set of its `prime ideals' (a subset of its `ideals' ) and topologizes it by the so-called hull-kernel topology. The best known example is that of a commutative ring \(R\) with 1: one defines the `Zariski spectrum' \(\text{Spec} R = \{ \mathfrak p: \mathfrak p \text{ is prime ideal in } R \}\) and topologizes this set showing it admissible to declare a subset to be closed if it has the form \( \mathcal V (I)=\{\mathfrak p: \mathfrak p\supseteq I\}\) for some ideal \(I\) of \(R.\) Concerning Boolean algebras, a relatively elementary representation theorem was known by Lindenbaum and Tarski: complemented distributive lattices (Boolean lattices) that are complete and atomic can be represented by algebras of sets. Stone observed that Boolean lattices are rings (in which \(a^2=a\)) and therefore the notions of (prime)ideal and \( \text{Spec} R\) exist and so a topology can be introduced in the mentioned way. He showed, among other representation theorems, that Boolean algebras of clopen sets are characterizable as being compact Hausdorff totally disconnected spaces. Similarly Hochster characterized the Zariski spaces as spectral spaces. We define these now as they play a role in the paper under review. Let \(X\) be a topological space. Then \(X\) is sober if the only irreducible closed sets are of the form \(\overline{ \{x\}}.\) Let \(\stackrel{\circ}{\mathcal{ K}}(X)\) be the family of compact open sets of \(X\). If \(X\) is sober and \(\stackrel{\circ}{\mathcal{ K}}(X)\) is a base for the topology then \(X\) is generalized spectral. If additionally \(X\) is compact, then \(X\) is spectral. A generalized spectral space \(X\) is completely normal if for any three points \(x,y,z\in X\) we have that \(\{x,y\}\subseteq \bar{z}\) implies \(x\in \overline{\{y\}}\) or \(y\in \overline{\{x\}}.\) Wehrung's concern is the characterization of the real spectrum of a commutative unital ring. In such a ring \(A\) a cone is a subset that is closed w.r.t. addition and multiplication and containing all the squares of \(A.\) A cone \(P\) is prime if \(P\cup -P=A\) and \(P\cap -P\) is a prime ideal. The real spectrum is defined as the set \(\text{Spec}_r(A)=\{\text{prime cones } P \text{ of } A \}.\) This set carries the topology generated by the sets \(\{P: a\not \in P\},\) \(a\in A.\) One of the main results - the converse of which is known since long -- is the following significant progress to a question in [\textit{K. Keimel}, Res. Expo. Math. 23, 131--161 (1995; Zbl 0838.06015)]. Corollary 8.7: Let \(\Bbbk\) be a countable formally real field. Then every second countable generalized spectral space is homeomorph to the real spectrum of some commutative unital \(\mathbb K\)-algebra. The complete proof of this and associate results is hard reading but reviewer will try to give an outline. We assume the concept of a lattice ordered abelian group to be known. A order convex subgroup of an abelian \(\ell\)-group is an \(\ell\)-ideal. A proper \(\ell\)-ideal is prime if \(x\wedge y\in I\) implies \(x\in I\) or \(y\in I.\) The \(\ell\)-spectrum of \(G,\) as you rightly guess, is \( \text{Spec}_{\ell} G=\{ \text{ prime } \ell\text{-ideals} \)P\( \text{ of } \)G\(\},\) which is topologized with the sets \(\{P: X\subseteq P \},\) \(X\subset G\) being its closed sets. The main result of an earlier of the author's papers, namely [\textit{F. Wehrung}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 371, No. 3, 2133--2158 (2019; Zbl 1472.06024)], [\textit{F. Wehrung}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 371, No. 3, 2133--2158 (2019; Zbl 1472.06024)] is [\textit{F. Wehrung}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 371, No. 3, 2133--2158 (2019; Zbl 1472.06024), Theorem 9.1]: Every second countable completely normal generalized spectral space is homoeomorphic to the spectrum of some abelian \(\ell\)-group. The paper under review rests to an extraordinary degree on the methods developed in [\textit{F. Wehrung}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 371, No. 3, 2133--2158 (2019; Zbl 1472.06024)] and requires from the reader time and again to modify the proofs there using lemmas and propositions given in the current one. Besides this, to follow with some fluency through all the proofs one will have to have in mind dozens of concepts from topology, lattice theory, algebra, and category theory. Part of the necessary definitions, collected in Section 2, is given above. Other important ones are these: Elements \(a,b \) of a lattice \(L\) are consonant if there exist \(x,y\in L\) such that \(x\wedge y =0, a\leq b\vee x, \) and \( b\leq a\vee y .\) A distributive lattice is completely normal if any two of its elements are consonant. A theorem of [\textit{A. A. Monteiro}, in: 2. Sympos. Probl. Mat. Latino-América, Villavicencio-Mendoza 12--25 Julio129--162 (1954; Zbl 0058.38503)] connects this type of lattices intimately to completely normal spectral spaces: \(X\) is a completely normal space iff \(\stackrel{\circ}{\mathcal K}(X)\) is a completely normal distributive lattice. Stone duality between distributive lattices and generalized spectral spaces is roughly explained. It is often used to pass from one result to the other. An important byproduct of the author's studies concerns vector lattices. A right vector space \(\mathbb V\) over \(\mathbb k,\) \(\Bbbk\) a partially ordered division ring, endowed with a translation invariant lattice order is a vector lattice if \(\mathbb{ V}^+ k^+\subseteq \mathbb V^+.\) A linear subspace of \(\mathbb V\) is an \(\ell\)-ideal of \(\mathbb{V}_k\) if it is order-convex and closed under \(x\mapsto |x|.\) The \(\ell\)-spectrum of \(\mathbb{V}^+_k\) is definable as the collection \(\text{Id}_c^{\ell} \mathbb{ V_k}\) of all finitely generated \(\ell\)-ideals. In section 6 the following will be proved. Theorem 6.2. Let \(\Bbbk\) be a countable totally ordered division ring. Then every countable, completely normal, distributive lattice \(L\) with zero is isomorphic to \(\text{Id}_c^{\ell} \mathbb{V}_k\) for some right vector lattice \(\mathbb V.\) By Stone duality this can also be said this way: every second countable completely normal generalized spectral space is homeomorphic to the \(\ell\)-spectrum of some right \(\Bbbk\)-vector lattice. We report briefly on the other sections. Sections 3 treats semilinear triangulation presenting well known concepts like simplicial complexes, polytopes and the Minkowski-Weyl theorem for the class of not-necessarily-real totally ordered fields. Section 4, Lattices of relatively open semilinear sets considers under the condition that \(\Bbbk\) be a totally ordered division ring and \(\mathcal F\) a set of affine functionals of the vector space \(\mathbb{V}_k\) certain Boolean subalgebras Bool\((\mathcal F,\Omega)\) of the powerset of a given \(\Omega \subseteq \mathbb V,\) generated by halfspaces defined by affine functionals in \(\mathcal F.\) Let Op\((\mathcal F,\Omega)\) be the sublattice of Bool\((\mathcal F,\Omega)\) consisting of open sets. Lemma 4.1 tells us that Op\((\mathcal F,\Omega)\) is a Heyting algebra. This is a certain type of a distributive lattice. Choose \(a,b\in \mathcal F,\) and let \(\mathcal F_{\lambda}=\mathcal F\cup \{a-\lambda b\}.\) Lemma 4.8 says that for every generalized dual Heyting algebra \(L,\) every consonant 0-lattice homomorphism \(\varphi: \text{Op}(\mathcal F,\Omega)\rightarrow L\) can be extended to a lattice homomorphism \(\psi: \text{Op}(\mathcal F_\lambda ,\Omega)\rightarrow L\) which respects `Heyting subtraction' (a concept dual to the more well known Heyting implication). This and other lemmas enter in the proof of 6.2 (above) via replacing steps of the proof of the above mentioned main theorem of [\textit{F. Wehrung}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 371, No. 3, 2133--2158 (2019; Zbl 1472.06024)]. Apart from introducing some notation, the short section 5 represents results that are used only in section 6. Section 7 on extending homomorphisms of lattices of open semi-algebraic sets is another part of the paper replete with concepts and results not found in the predecessor [\textit{F. Wehrung}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 371, No. 3, 2133--2158 (2019; Zbl 1472.06024)] nor possibly in other works in the area of spectra. A 0-sublattice of a distributive lattice \(B\) with zero is \(CN\)-pure in \(B\) if every 0-lattice homomorphism from \(A\) to a completely normal distributive lattice \(L\) with zero extends to a lattice homomorphism from \(B\) to \(L.\) Using the concept of a flatly triangulable distributive lattice and a result in [\textit{E. Baro}, J. Symb. Log. 75, No. 1, 275--288 (2010; Zbl 1207.03048)] strengthening the classic semialgebraic triangulation theorem found in [\textit{J. Bochnak} et al., Real algebraic geometry. Transl. from the French. Rev. and updated ed. Berlin: Springer (1998; Zbl 0912.14023), Theorem 9.2.1], it is shown that if flatly triangulable \(\mathbb D,\) and \(\mathbb E\) are finite sublattices of the family of semi algebraic subsets of \([-1,1]^d,\) and if \(\mathbb{ D}\subseteq E,\) then \(\mathbb D\) is \(CN\)-pure in \(\mathbb E.\) Section 8 proves another of the main theorems. Theorem 8.4: If \(\Bbbk\) is a countable totally ordered field, then every countable, completely normal bounded distributive lattice \(L\) is isomorphic to the family of finitely generated radical ideals \(\text{Id}_c^r A\) for some commutative unital \(f-\Bbbk\)-algebra \(A\) (that is a (lattice ordered) Pierce Birkhoff ring) for which \(A^+\Bbbk^+ \subseteq A^+.\) In the proof of this theorem enter the tools forged in sections 3, 4, 7. In its Corollary 8.7 cited above some facts about Brumfiel spectra enter. Section 9 shows that the countability assumption on \(\Bbbk\) cannot be dispensed with in theorems 6.2 and 8.4. A nice point here is an elementary example of a completely normal distributive lattice \(\mathbb D.\) In the final Section 10 results of [\textit{R. Cignoli} et al., J. Pure Appl. Algebra 136, No. 3, 217--229 (1999; Zbl 0923.06010)] and [\textit{W. Iberkleid} et al., Topology Appl. 158, No. 14, 1875--1887 (2011; Zbl 1231.06017)] on the isomorphy of completely normal generalized dual Heyting algebras with the principal \(\ell\)-ideal lattice of Abelian \(\ell\)-groups are extended to vector latttices and stated in functorial terms, thereby noticeably modifying the presentation of their work. The reviewer puts at disposal of anyone interested the excerpts and reading suggestions from [\textit{G. Grätzer}, Lattice theory: Foundation. Basel: Birkhäuser (2011; Zbl 1233.06001)], [\textit{P.T. Johnstone}, Stone spaces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1982)] and various further sources necessary to minimally understand this work. But perhaps much of what is needed is in [\textit{M. Dickmann} et al., Spectral spaces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2019; Zbl 1455.54001)].