An intrinsically hydrodynamic approach to multidimensional QHD systems (Q2690880)

The authors consider the quantum hydrodynamics system written as: \[ \partial _{t}\rho +\operatorname{div}J=0,\quad \partial _{t}J+\operatorname{div}(\tfrac{J\otimes J}{ \rho })+\nabla p(\rho )=\tfrac{1}{2}\rho \nabla (\tfrac{\Delta \sqrt{\rho }}{ \sqrt{\rho }}), \] and posed in \(\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}^{d}\), where \(\rho \) is the fluid particle density, \(J\) the momentum density, and \(p\) the pressure, which is supposed to satisfy the power law \(p(\rho )=\tfrac{\gamma -1}{\gamma }\rho ^{\gamma }\), with \(1<\gamma <\infty \) for \(d=2\) and \( 1<\gamma <3\) for \(d=3\). The authors introduce the total energy of the system: \[ E(t)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^{d}}\tfrac{1}{2}\left\vert \nabla \sqrt{\rho } \right\vert ^{2}+\tfrac{1}{2}\tfrac{\left\vert J\right\vert ^{2}}{\rho } +f(\rho )dx, \] where \(f(\rho )=\rho \int_{0}^{\rho }\tfrac{p(s)}{s^{2}}ds\). They define the notion of finite energy weak solution to the Cauchy problem associated to the above problem starting from \(\rho _{0},J_{0}\in L_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{d})\) at time \(t=0\), in the space-time slab \( [0,T)\times \mathbb{R}^{d}\), if there exist \(\sqrt{\rho }\in L_{\mathrm{loc}}^{2}(0,T;H_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{d}))\) and \(\Lambda \in L_{\mathrm{loc}}^{2}(0,T;L_{\mathrm{loc}}^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{d}))\) such that \(\rho =(\sqrt{\rho } )^{2}\) and \(J=\sqrt{\rho }\Lambda \) satisfy: \[ \int_{0}^{T}\int_{\mathbb{R} ^{d}}\rho \partial _{t}\eta +J\cdot \nabla \eta dxdt+\int_{\mathbb{R} ^{d}}\rho _{0}(x)\eta (0,x)dx=0, \] for every \(\eta \in C_{0}^{\infty }([0,T)\times \mathbb{R}^{d})\), \[ \int_{0}^{T}\int_{\mathbb{R}^{d}}J\cdot \partial _{t}\zeta +\Lambda \otimes \Lambda :\nabla \zeta +p(\rho )\operatorname{div}\zeta +\nabla \sqrt{\rho }\otimes \nabla \sqrt{\rho }:\nabla \zeta +\tfrac{1}{4} \rho \operatorname{div}\zeta dxdt+\int_{\mathbb{R}^{d}}J_{0}(x)\cdot \zeta (0,x)dx=0, \] for every \(\zeta \in C_{0}^{\infty }([0,T)\times \mathbb{R}^{d};\mathbb{R} ^{d})\), and \(\nabla \wedge J=2\nabla \sqrt{\rho }\wedge \Lambda \), for almost every \(t\in (0,T)\) in the sense of distributions. A global in time weak solution is a weak solution for which \(T=\infty \) can be taken in the preceding definition. A finite mass weak solution is a weak solution for which the total mass \(M(t)=\int \rho (t,x)dx\) satisfies \(M(t)\leq M(0)\). A finite energy weak solution is a weak solution which satisfies \(E(t)\leq E(0) \) for almost every \(t\in \lbrack 0,T)\). The main purpose of the paper is to prove existence results concerning weak solutions to the above problem. The authors first prove a global existence of finite energy weak solutions, assuming that the initial hydrodynamic state \((\sqrt{\rho _{0}},J_{0})\) satisfies \(\left\Vert \rho _{0}\right\Vert _{H^{1}(\mathbb{R} ^{2})}+\left\Vert J_{0}\right\Vert _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{2})}\leq M_{1}\), for some \(M_{1}>0\), that \(\rho _{0}\) is continuous, with isolated vacuum points, that is there exists an at most countable index set \(\mathcal{A}\), such that \(V=\{\rho _{0}=0\}=\{x_{(\alpha )}\}_{\alpha \in \mathcal{A}}\subset \mathbb{ R}^{2}\), \(\inf_{\alpha \neq \beta }\left\vert x_{(\alpha )}-x_{(\beta )}\right\vert \geq \alpha >0\), and that \(v_{0}=J_{0}/\rho _{0}\) satisfies the quantized vorticity condition \(v_{0}\in \mathcal{M}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\), \( \nabla \wedge v_{0}=2\pi \sum_{\alpha \in \mathcal{A}}k_{j}\delta x_{(\alpha )}\), \(k_{\alpha }\in \mathbb{Z}\). Then there exists a global in time finite energy weak solution to the above Cauchy problem which conserves the total energy: \(E(t)=E(0)\), for all time. Under further hypotheses on the initial hydrodynamic state \((\sqrt{\rho _{0}},J_{0})\), the authors prove a global existence of regular weak solutions. They also prove existence results under other hypotheses on the initial hydrodynamic state. They especially prove a global existence of spherically symmetric weak solutions if the initial hydrodynamic state satisfies a spherically symmetry property and the same boundedness hypothesis as above. Then the authors prove Morawetz-type and dispersive estimates for finite energy weak solutions to the above problem. They finally prove a stability result for sequences of weak solutions. For the proof of the existence results, the authors mainly use the wave function lifting method. If \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{d}\) is an arbitrary open set, the wave function \(\psi \in H^{1}(\Omega )\) is associated to the hydrodynamic state \((\sqrt{\rho },\Lambda )\in H^{1}(\Omega )\times L^{2}(\Omega )\) if \(\sqrt{\rho }=\left\vert \psi \right\vert \) and \(\Lambda =Im(\overline{\phi }\nabla \psi )\), where \(\phi \in P(\psi )\) is a polar factor of \(\psi \).