Variation of Loewner chains, extreme and support points in the class \(S^0\) in higher dimensions (Q272902)

Let \(\mathbb B^n:=\{z\in\mathbb C^n:\|z\|^2<1\}\) denote the Euclidean unit ball of \(\mathbb C^n\), and let \(S\) denote the class of normalized univalent mappings \(f:\mathbb B^n\to\mathbb C^n\), \(f(0)=0\), \(\text{d}f_0=\text{id}\). Let \[ \mathcal M:=\Big\{h\in\text{Hol}(\mathbb B^n,\mathbb C^n)\;:\;h(0)=0,\;\text{d}h_0=\text{id},\;\text{Re}\langle h(z),z\rangle>0,\; z\in\mathbb B^n\setminus\{0\}\Big\}, \] where \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\) denotes the Euclidean inner product in \(\mathbb C^n\). A Herglotz vector field associated with the class \(\mathcal M\) on \(\mathbb B^n\) is a mapping \(G:\mathbb B^n\times\mathbb R^+\to\mathbb C^n\) such that \(G(z,\cdot)\) is measurable on \(\mathbb R^+:=\{t\in\mathbb R:t\geq0\}\) for all \(z\in\mathbb B^n\) and \(-G(\cdot,t)\in\mathcal M\) for almost all \(t\geq0\). A normalized solution to the Loewner-Kufarev PDE \[ \frac{\partial f_t(z)}{\partial t}=-\text{d}(f_t)_zG(z,t) \] associated with \(G(z,t)\) consists of a family \((f_t)_{t\geq0}\) of holomorphic mappings from \(\mathbb B^n\) to \(\mathbb C^n\) such that \(f_t(0)=0\), \(d(f_t)_0=e^t\text{id}\) for all \(t\geq0\) and the mapping \(t\mapsto f_t\) is continuous. A normalized subordination chain \((f_t)_{t\geq0}\) is a family of holomorphic mappings \(f_t:\mathbb B^n\to\mathbb C^n\), \(f_s=f_t\circ\varphi_{s,t}\), \(0\leq s\leq t\), for holomorphic mappings \(\varphi_{s,t}:\mathbb B^n\to\mathbb B^n\) with \(\varphi_{s,t}(0)=0\). A normalized subordination chain \((f_t)_{t\geq0}\) with univalent \(f_t\) is a normalized Loewner chain. A normalized Loewner chain \((f_t)_{t\geq0}\) on \(\mathbb B^n\) is called a normal Loewner chain if the family \(\{e^tf_t(\cdot)\}_{t\geq0}\) is normal. Denote by \(S^0\) the subset of \(S\) consisting of mappings \(f\) which admit a parametric representation \(f(z)=\lim_{t\to\infty}e^t\varphi(z,t)\), where \(\varphi(z,0)=z\) and \[ \frac{\partial\varphi(z,t)}{\partial t}=G(\varphi(z,t),t),\;\text{a.e.}\;t\geq0,\;z\in\mathbb B^n, \] for some Herglotz vector field \(G\) associated with \(\mathcal M\) on \(\mathbb B^n\). A normalized Loewner chain \((f_t)_{t\geq0}\) on \(\mathbb B^n\) is exponentially squeezing in \([T_1,T_2)\), \(0\leq T_1<T_2\leq\infty\), provided there exists \(a\in(0,1]\) such that for all \(T_1\leq s<t<T_2\) it follows that \(\|f_t^{-1}(f_s(z))\|\leq e^{a(s-t)}\|z\|\) for all \(z\in\mathbb B^n\). An exponentially squeezing normal Loewner chain can be reparameterized in time in order to construct a geräumig Loewner chain. These chains, by means of suitable variations, build other normalized Loewner chains which coincide with the given ones from a certain time on. The authors apply their construction to the study of support points, extreme points, and time-log \(M\)-reachable mappings in \(S^0\). In particular, they prove the following statements. Proposition 1.1. Let \((f_t)_{t\geq0}\) be a normal Loewner chain which is exponentially squeezing in \([T_1,T_2)\) for some \(0\leq T_1<T_2\leq\infty\). Then \(f_0\) is not a support point of \(S^0\) and is not an extreme point of \(S^0\). Theorem 1.2. Let \(f\in S^0\). Assume that there exist \(g\in S^0\) and \(r\in(0,1)\) such that \(f(z)=(1/r)g(rz)\) for all \(z\in\mathbb B^n\). Then \(f\) is not a support point of \(S^0\) and is not an extreme point of \(S^0\).