On some rational functions that are analogs of the Chebyshev polynomials (Q280895)

The article is devoted to weighted Bernstein-type inequalities for rational functions, and to the study of functions which are extremal for these inequalities. In this sense, these rational functions play the same role as Chebyshev polynomials of the first, second, third, and fourth kind. Let \(a_k\in{\mathbb C}\setminus\left[-1,1\right]\), \(k=1,\dots,n\), be some non-real numbers, such that the \(a_k\) form conjugate pairs. Define \(c_k\) so that \[ a_k=\frac{c_k+c_k^{-1}}{2},\quad\left|c_k\right|<1,\quad k=1,\dots,n. \] Thus \[ c_k=a_k-\sqrt{a_k^2-1},\quad k=1,\dots,n, \] where the square root means an appropriate branch. Now, let \[ B_n\left(x\right):=\Re\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{\sqrt{a_k^2-1}}{a_k-x},\quad x\in\left[-1,1\right], \] be the Bernstein factor. The author considers arbitrary rational functions of the form \[ R_{m,n}\left(z\right)=\frac{b_m z^m+\dots+b_0}{\prod\limits_{k=1}^n\left(z-a_k\right)}, \leqno{(1)} \] where the \(a_k\) are as above. The author further develops an approach of \textit{P. Borwein} et al. [J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 50, No. 3, 501--519 (1994; Zbl 0815.41013)] and \textit{P. Borwein} and \textit{T. Erdélyi} [Polynomials and polynomial inequalities. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag (1995; Zbl 0840.26002)], and obtains several interesting inequalities for \(R_{m,n}\). Let us cite one of the obtained results. Theorem. A real rational function \(R\left(z\right)=R_{m,n}\left(z\right)\) of the form (1), for which \[ \left|R\left(x\right)\right|\sqrt{1-x^2}\leq 1,\quad x\in\left[-1,1\right], \] satisfies the inequality \[ \left|x R\left(x\right)-\left(1-x^2\right)R'\left(x\right)\right|\leq \left[\left(m-n+1\right)_+ +B_n\left(x\right)\right]\sqrt{1-\left(1-x^2\right)R^2\left(x\right)}, \] for every \(x\in\left(-1,1\right)\). Equality at every point of the interval \(\left[-1,1\right]\) is attained for the functions \[ U_n^r\left(z\right)=\frac{f_n\left(\zeta\right)-f_n\left(\zeta\right)^{-1}}{\zeta-\zeta^{-1}},\quad\widetilde{U}_n^r\left(z\right)=\frac{\zeta f_n\left(\zeta\right)-\left(\zeta f_n\left(\zeta\right)\right)^{-1}}{\zeta-\zeta^{-1}}, \quad\text{where}\quad z=\left(\zeta+1/\zeta\right)/2, \] and \[ f_n\left(\zeta\right)=\prod_{k=1}^n\frac{\zeta-c_k}{1-\zeta c_k}. \] Furthermore, the orthogonality of various extremal rational functions appearing in the aforementioned inequalities is investigated. In particular, the following result holds true. Theorem. For \(m\leq n\), the following relations hold: \[ \int_{-1}^1\widetilde{U}_n^r\left(x\right)\widetilde{U}_m^r\left(x\right)\sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx =\frac{\pi}{2}\left(-1\right)^{n+m}c_{m+1}\dots c_n, \] \[ \int_{-1}^1\widetilde{U}_n^r\left(x\right)\frac{1}{x-a}\sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx =-\pi c\prod_{j=1}^n\frac{c-c_j}{1-cc_j},\quad\text{where}\quad a=\frac{1}{2}\left(c+c^{-1}\right), \] \[ \int_{-1}^1\widetilde{U}_n^r\left(x\right)\frac{1}{x-a_j}\sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx=0, \] \[ \int_{-1}^1\widetilde{U}_n^r\left(x\right)\sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx =\frac{\pi}{2}\left(-1\right)^n c_1 c_2\dots c_n. \] If the index set over which the product is taken is empty, then the product is set to be equal to \(1\). The article should be very interesting for specialists in approximation theory and complex analysis.