Abundance of \(C^{1}\)-robust homoclinic tangencies (Q2841397)

The authors prove that some generic classes of diffeomorphisms have robust homoclinic tangencies. Using their definitions, we say that a diffeomorphism \(f\) has a \(C^1\)-robust homoclinic tangency if there exists a \(C^1\)-neighborhood \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(f\) such that every diffeomorphism in \(g \in \mathcal{U}\) has a hyperbolic set \(\Lambda_g\), depending continuously on \(g\), such that the stable and unstable manifolds of \(\Lambda_g\) have some non-transverse intersections. They show, using a tool called blender-horseshoes, that every manifold of dimension greater than or equal to three generates diffeomorphisms with \(C^1\)-robust homoclinic tangencies and also they prove that homoclinic classes of \(C^1\)-generic diffeomorphisms containing saddles with different indices and that do not admit dominated splittings display \(C^1\)-robust homoclinic tangencies.