Arithmetic \((1;e)\)-curves and Belyĭ maps (Q2894536)

A Fuchsian group \(\Gamma\) is a discrete subgroup of \(PGL_2(\mathbb{R})^+\) that acts on the upper half plane \(\mathcal{H}\) cocompactly. This paper concerns \((1; e)\)-\textit{groups}, that is, Fuchsian groups having a presentation of the form NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\Gamma = \langle \alpha, \beta, \gamma \, | \, \gamma = \alpha^{-1}\beta^{-1}\alpha\beta, \gamma^e = 1\rangle,NEWLINE\]NEWLINE with \(e \geq 2\). The quotient of \(\mathcal{H}\) by the action of a \((1;e)\)-group \(\Gamma\) is a curve of genus \(1\), with one elliptic point. Let NEWLINE\[NEWLINEy^2 = 4x^3 -g_2x-g_3NEWLINE\]NEWLINE be a Weierstrass equation for \(\mathcal{H}/\Gamma\), with the elliptic point being the point at infinity. If \(\pi: \mathcal{H} \to \mathcal{H}/\Gamma\) is the canonical projection, then the multi-valued function \(\pi^{-1}\) can be obtained as the quotient of two solutions of the Lamé differential equation NEWLINE\[NEWLINE(y \frac{d}{dx})^2 u = (n(n+1)x + A)u.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Here, \(n = 1/2e - 1/2\), and \(A\) is an accessory parameter that is more difficult to calculate. In particular, \(A\) is not an invariant of the isomorphism class of the curve \(\mathcal{H}/\Gamma\). The main goal of the paper is to give explicit formulas for \(\mathcal{H}/\Gamma\) and \(A\) for \((1;e)\)-groups that are commensurable with triangle groups and ``arithmetic'' (a very mild technical constraint).NEWLINENEWLINESuch computations have previously been done for \((1;e)\)-groups \(\Gamma\) \textit{contained} in triangle groups \(\Delta\), by pulling back the hypergeometric differential equation associated to \(\mathcal{H}/\Delta\) via the Belyi map \(\mathcal{H}/\Gamma \to \mathcal{H}/\Delta\). The key to extending this to the commensurable case is to find an explicit subgroup of \(\Gamma\) which is contained in a triangle group.NEWLINENEWLINEThis paper represents part of the author's PhD thesis.